Iron and Drought Stress The another devastating abiotic stress which is considered to be highly responsible worldwide for decreasing yield and quality of crop productivity is drought (Lambers et al. 2008 ; Moghadam et al .,2011; Mohsen Pourgholam et al.,2013 ; M. Farooq et al., 2012; Abolhasani and Saeidi, 2004 ; Monjezi et al., 2013).It harms plant growth and development and reduces crop growth rate and also affects biomass accumulation. Generally, in crop plants drought severely affects the cell division and expansion, elongation of root, leaf size, proliferation of root and inhibition of shoot growth (Sharp & Davies 1989; Spollen et al.,1993;Yamaguchi et al.,2010). Furthermore ,it also badly hampers all kinds of plant functions and physiological and biochemical traits such as mineral elements, carbohydrates, free radicals, ions, hormones, lipids, and nucleic acids (HongBo et al., 2005; Yasar et al., ; Moghadam et al .,2011,Mohsen Pourgholam et al,2013) .The transportation of nutrients from the roots to the stem severely get affected by drought as the rate of transpiration is reduced and damage of active transport and membrane permeability take place (Viets, 1972; Alam, 1999; Yasar et al ). Simultaneously, due to decrease in soil moisture, problem occurs with the low distribution of absorbed nutrients by the plant roots in the soil (Alam, 1999; Yasar et al ). More importantly, drought leads to rise in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to energy accumulation in stress condition of plants (Smirnoff 1993; Asada 2006; Waraich et al.,2011).Drought diminishes photosynthetic carbon fixation primarily through restraining the entrance of CO2 into the leaf or by reducing metabolism (Smirnoff 1993; Loggini et al., 1999; Ap... ... middle of paper ... ...is also responsible for improvement of protein quality being advantageous in increasing resistance to drought stress (Parhamfar ,T. 2006; Afshar et al.,2012).Important to mention that Fe could modify drought resistance through its effects on root growth (Snyder and Schmidt,1974; Glinski et al.,1992).In drought stress like Fe-deficient conditions, application of Iron over turf grasses led to colour enrichment and growth improvement (Deal and Engel, 1965; Minner and Butler, 1984; Glinski et al.,1992).Also in Fe-sufficient condition, Iron has been applied to give darker green color for cool-season turf grass (Carrow, 1983; Schmidt and Snyder, 1984; Snyder and Schmidt, 1974; Wehner and Haley, 1990; Yust et al., 1984; Glinski et al.,1992). Still vast knowledgeable and deep investigative works are required to be done to understand the iron defence against drought stress.
Rain rot is a severe skin infection in horses, but it is actually a normal inhabitant of the skin on horses. So why does this disease seem to be so serious? Although it lives naturally in the horses skin, rain rot can get very serious if it gets persistently damaged or wet. This can cause an infection to occur. Rain rot is also called rain scald or dermatophilosis. It is caused by dermatophilus congolensis. Dermatophilus congolensis is a gram-positive bacterium and is the etiologic agent of rain rot. It lives within the skin until the skin is disturbed some how. “The bacteria live in the outer layer of the skin and cause from pinpoint to large, crusty scabs.” (Mendell, 2014, January 29.) It can happen when there is high humidity, wetness for a log period of time, high temperature, or even attacks by biting insects. An increase in the number of biting insects can occur if there is high humidity or warm temperatures so it is best to have a cooling spot for the horses. The biting insects are how this disease can spread from horse to horse. Although there is a natural immunity, some horses are more susceptible to it and can get it year after year. Their must be an infected carrier, or even a fomite like a saddle or a blanket that has the organism in the form of a spore. The spores then have to come in contact with the susceptible animal. Once these spores attach, you can start to see the disease take over the horses body.
Three substances mainly make fertilisers: nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Their percentage in the solution will change the effectiveness on a determinate plant; for example is recommended to use high proportion of nitrogen fertilizers during the spring growth of spurts. The fertilisers can be spitted in two categories: organic that contains a low level of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and aren’t toxic to the environment and synthetic that are made by a high concentration of the three substances and can be corrosive to the environment if are overused.
Iron is called a trace mineral, but its effects are mighty. We need it to produce hemoglobin, the oxygen carrier in red blood cells that brings oxygen to the rest of the body. Iron is also needed to produce myoglobin, the oxygen reservoir in the muscle cells.
The effect of water quality on Vegetative measurements and photosynthesis indices of the trees are presented in Table 1. No significant differences were found between parameters: gs, shoot number in both years, but others were higher in RW application. Height of trees and leaf area in first year was not significant but in second year it increased by 42 and 29% respectively in application RW. Photosynthesis rate appears significantly higher (23.4 µmol m−2 s−1) in plants receiving recycle water than clean water.
For about five years California has experienced above average temperatures and a lack of rain. This lack of rain and snowfall has caused California to become increasingly dry, starting arguments over whose right to water is more important and who needs to be more mindful with their use of water. Farming in California truly began during the gold rush when water was redirected to land where food was grown for those looking for gold (Siegler, 2015). The farmers that have stayed on that land now have senior water rights (“Water wars”, 2015). Farmers that settled their land before 1914 are those with senior water rights (Terrell, 2015). Governor Jerry Brown has called for a cut in water use by one-quarter percent to people living
...drought is a more serious case in which plants have to either acclimate or adapt to the environmental condition in which it is living in to combat the heat stress. Deep root systems and early stomatal closure are a couple strategies that plants use to increase water uptake and decrease transpirational water loss. During rainfall, plants have more water available to them because of the increase in soil water potential and stomatal conductance. Frequency in precipitation pulses allows the plant to photosynthesize and transpire in moderation. An aim for future research is to study plant physiology at the community and ecosystem levels to further understand the water and carbon budgets (Loik 2007). A plant behavior under extreme drought conditions or increased rainfall variability can help predict future changes in CO2 assimilation and help preserve plant ecosystems.
For more than five years the state of California has been in a drought, and now all the people of California want is a break from all the rain. The state is being put under water from top to bottom. More than 200,000 people have left their homes in parts of north California, in fear of the dams breaking. With this amount of rain the question on many people’s mind “Is California’s epic, record-setting drought, five years long, finally over?” Some are saying yes while the other are sure it is not. The top part of the state is out of the wood from drought, while the middle and southern part is still very much in a drought. The last time the state had what is considered an abnormal amount of rain/snow was in 82/83. This year’s amount is almost
Aside from lignin’s obvious strengthening purpose it can also help plants in other ways. For instance, lignin contains specialized water conduct...
How do plants resist being uprooted during typhoons? How do they absorb water? The answer lies on a particular plant structure, which is called the root. Basically, a monocot and a dicot root differ but also have common parts like the xylem and the phloem. Through examining the roots using the light microscope, the students would hopefully be able to understand how the root is designed to perform its vital functions. A root tip basically has 4 main regions, the root cap, the meristematic region, the region of cell elongation, and the region of cell differentiation. These parts are all essential for a root to function properly, thus further stressing its importance in t...
A lack of rain or snow for an extended period causes dry weather, otherwise known as a drought (**). When temperatures rise because of the global climate change, moisture from the land and water evaporates, which leaves less water on the Earth (**). While some places are getting more snow and rain to make up for the climate change, others are getting less.
Plant roots absorb nutrients in order to be sustained. The mineral nutrients include nitrogen and iron when they are dissolved in water. If the soil solution is too acidic or basic, some nutrients will not dissolve easily. This means they will not be available for uptake by roots and plants will be deprived of them.
Over the past century, the United States has experienced many extreme droughts, all ranging in severity. A drought is defined as the deficiency of precipitation over a period of time which leads to a shortage of water, impacting the community, agriculture, economy, and much more. The intensity of a drought varies depending on the region and its average amount of rainfall. For example, if a region that typically receives rain every day were to go a month without it, they would struggle much more than a region that typically only gets rain four months out of the year. Because of this, there are multiple factors that weigh in on characterizing the drought and its intensity as well as its consequences, both short term and long term, on that specific region. There are several different droughts that have occurred in America that depict the severity of the drought itself and its effects on the region.
Nitrogen is essential for plants because it is an essential component of all proteins. A lack of nitrogen in a plant diet can result in slower growth, stunted growth, and even chlorosis (1). Plants affected by chlorosis produce insufficient amounts of chlorophyll, reducing its ability to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis. These plants become a yellowish or pale color and eventually die from the lack of chlorophyll. (2) All of the transformations that nitrogen goes under in and out of the soil are known as the nitrogen cycle. Plants lose nitrogen from their soil system through run-off, leaching, volatilization, and denitrification. Most of the nitrogen that plants uptake from the soil is in the forms of ammonium and nitrate. Proteins and amino acids can only be built from nitrate and ammonia and therefore must be reduced. Organic nitrogen, found in organic matter, is converted into ammonium in the process...
The effect of soil salinity in plant growth is part of botany, the study of plants.
When studying plant nutrition, it is important to analyze the sources of the nutrition. Plants absorb their nutrients using their roots in the soil, however soil is not a uniform nutritive source. The plant’s wellbeing depends greatly on the quality, composition, and thickness of the soil. To help categorize such a broad topic, scientists have implemented a naming scheme for the different levels of soil. The first layer is closest to ...