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The importance of DNA evidence
Importance of DNA evidence
Pros and cons of using dna in court
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Double jeopardy, a legal anachronism in the twenty first century in Australia? Double jeopardy is a law under which Queensland still governs in order to protect the defendant of a crime they have already committed. With double jeopardy laws being created so long ago there has been much speculation on the effect of this protection law ever since, as it allows a once defendant, found guilty, who has been sentenced to jail time to never step foot in a court again no matter what new evidence comes to light that may enhance their prison length. With Queensland becoming (do research on qld to find if first or not) the last state to overhaul it double jeopardy laws, evaluating these law changes to Queensland's new double jeopardy laws will investigate …show more content…
Double jeopardy law which is an 800 year old legal principle, was introduced to Australia in 1789 under the criminal code; during this time and to modern day, double jeopardy laws would prevent a repeat prosecution for someone acquitted in a criminal trial by either the jury, the judge or appeal court judges. During the modern 21st there have been many breakthroughs in scientific DNA testing and increased crime solving abilities this allows for cases that have been gone to trial, and seen offenders sentenced only on the minimal evidence that was available, however if strong new evidence is brought to light that may indicate a further conviction it cannot be handed down due to the protection of double jeopardy laws. S.A. Premier Mike Rann said in 2009 “It makes no sense to me that if someone gets off a particular case and then fresh evidence becomes available, DNA or otherwise, that they should ... literally get away with …show more content…
The legislation that this law contributes to be seen as unfair to victims and unlawful to many as justice cannot be served accurately as defendants are protected from ever seeing a courtroom again wether fresh compelling evidence be found years later. A perfect example of justice being served from starting to break down the walls of Double Jeopardy laws is the Deidre Kennedy case. Deirdre Kennedy was only just a baby, whose body was found on the roof of a toilet block In Ipswich, Queensland, in April 1973; John Raymond Carroll who was originally interviewed by Police in 1983 was charged with the murder of young, innocent baby. Proceeding with a trial in the Supreme Court in March 1985, Raymond John Carroll was found guilty by a Supreme Court jury of the murder of Deidre Kennedy (INTEXT). During the proceeding experts testified using evidence of teeth marks that appeared on the baby's legs with Carroll’s dental imprints that matched those found on the little girl. At the time of the murder in April 1973, John Raymond Carroll was age 12, he in 1985 aged 24; was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. However by November 1985, the Queensland Court of Appeal heard Carroll’s case that he was not guilty on the base that the crown could not
This illustrates the refusal of the rights of victims and the inevitable denial of justice for society. The coronial inquest that was conducted in 2011, corrected some of the initial issues with the investigation. Before the inquest, vital DNA evidence was disposed of, as a result of human error, which meant that the likely suspect could not be identified. As a result of human error the inquest provided some form of justice for society but due to how late it was conducted the family did not receive justice
The conviction of guilty offenders when adhering to the guidelines of the NSW criminal trial process is not difficult based on the presumption of innocence. However, due to features of the criminal trial process, established by the adversarial system of trial, cases can often involve copious amounts of time and money, particularly evident in the case of R vs Rogerson and McNamara where factors such as time and money are demonstrated to be in excess. In addition, characteristics of the adversarial system such as plea bargaining has the power to hinder convictions due to the accused having the authority to hire experienced and expensive lawyers to argue their case, hence maintaining their innocence.
Just and equitable legal outcomes to evaluate the case include of many expectations that may be met, the outcome of the case was discovered by fair trial which includes correct punishment theories and procedures, Justice Roslyn Atkinson met these through the trial also making it equitable because the punishment theories were applied to the offender Brett Peter Cowan. Punishment options and procedures in Queensland met the current needs of the society throughout this
R. v. Lavallee was a case held in 1990 that sent waves through the legal community. The defendant, Lyn Lavallee was in a relationship with her partner, Kevin Rust, in which he would abuse her both mentally and physically. On the night of the incident, Lyn and her husband got into a fight, her husband pulled out a gun and told her if she didn’t kill him now he’d be coming for her later. When leaving the room, Lyn shot Kevin in the back of the head killing him instantly. She was convicted of murder, but when brought before the Manitoba Court, she was acquitted of the charges. An appeal was made to the Manitoba court of Appeal on the grounds that expert testimony should not be admitted as evidence in the courts. They argued that the jury was perfectly
The application of these laws in the real world has become a hot debate as to whether the Australian legal system is based on justice and fairness. This is strongly related to the judge-made laws. Judge-made laws or common laws rely on the doctrine of precedent. This means that the decisions made by judges in the courts are based on previous cases that have similarities with other cases. The decisions in the doctrine of precedent are normally based on the higher authority court decision.
``In criminal law, confession evidence is a prosecutor’s most potent weapon’’ (Kassin, 1997)—“the ‘queen of proofs’ in the law” (Brooks, 2000). Regardless of when in the legal process they occur, statements of confession often provide the most incriminating form of evidence and have been shown to significantly increase the rate of conviction. Legal scholars even argue that a defendant’s confession may be the sole piece of evidence considered during a trial and often guides jurors’ perception of the case (McCormick, 1972). The admission of a false confession can be the deciding point between a suspect’s freedom and their death sentence. To this end, research and analysis of the false confessions-filled Norfolk Four case reveals the drastic and controversial measures that the prosecuting team will take to provoke a confession, be it true or false.
Wrongful conviction is an issue that has plagued the Canadian Justice System since it came to be. It is an issue that is hard to sort out between horrific crimes and society’s desire to find truth and justice. Incidences of wrongful conviction hit close to home right here in Saskatchewan as well as across the entire nation. Experts claim “each miscarriage of justice, however, deals a blow to society’s confidence in the legal justice system” (Schmalleger, Volk, 2014, 131). Professionals in the criminal justice field such as police, forensic analyst, and prosecutors must all be held accountable for their implications in wrongful convictions. There are several reasons for wrongful convictions such as racial bias, false confessions, jailhouse informants, eyewitness error, erroneous forensic science, inappropriate, professional and institutional misconduct and scientific limitations that society possessed prior to the technological revolution (Roberts, Grossman, 2012, 253 – 259). The introduction of more advanced DNA analysis has been able to clear names and prevent these incidences from occurring as often. As well as the formation of foundations such as The Association of Defense for the Wrongly Convicted (AIDWYC). Unfortunately, mistakes made in the Canadian Justice System have serious life altering repercussions for everyone that is involved. Both systematic and personal issues arise that require deeper and more intense analysis.
Syme, D. (1997). Martin Bryant's Sentence- What the judge said, Retrieved 5 July, 2003, from http://www.geniac.net/portarthur/sentence.htm. 7. The Australian Encyclopaedia.
R N Howie and P A Johnson, Annotated Criminal Legislation NSW, 2011-2102, (Lexis Nexis Butterworths 2012) 17769-1774
Another example of this case is the case of Andrew Mallard. Andrew Mark Mallard was wrongfully convicted in 1995 of murdering jeweller Pamela Lawrence at her Mosman Park shop on May 23, 1994. He was sentenced to life imprisonment but in 2006 walked free after 12 years in jail, when his conviction was quashed by the High Court of Australia. (Mallard)
The use of evidence and witnesses is a mechanism in which the law attempts to balance the rights of victims and offenders in the criminal trial process. Evidence used in court are bound by the Evidence Act 1995 (NSW) and have to be lawfully obtained by the police. The use of evidence and witnesses balance the victims’ rights to a great extent. However, it is ineffective in balancing the rights of offenders. The law has been progressive in protecting the rights of victims in the use and collection of evidence and witness statements. The Criminal Procedure Amendment (Domestic Violence Complainants) Bill 2014, which amends the Criminal Procedure Act 1986, passed the NSW Legislative Council on 18 November 2014. The amendment enables victims of
...case is based only on this piece of evidence that has the possibility of a lab mistake, the chance of an error should be taken into account. It should also be recognized because the simple solution to wrong convictions based on one piece of possibly inaccurate evidence is to stop making convictions based only on DNA evidence. As stated by Judge Andrew Haesler, “As judges, lawyers, experts and potential jurors, we want evidence and results that make our already difficult jobs easier. We would love so expert to ease the burden of our judgement by saying, ‘This is the answer.’” (Haesler 9). However, as DNA technology stands today, it is not perfect, nor will it ever be. DNA evidence can never be a certain way to convict a suspect, it can only be used as support to convict a suspect along with other relevant evidence. DNA evidence alone does not suffice for conviction.
The outcome of cases that have gone through the Supreme Court of Canada’s judicial branch have each had a major impact on how the laws and Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms are interpreted. Three cases in particular that expanded constitutional liberties is the case of R. vs. Oakes (1986), R. vs. Mann (2004) and R. v Clayton (2007). These three cases not only expanded constitutional liberties in general, they more specifically, expanded the rights of an accused. These three prominent cases went to the Supreme Court of Canada and set precedents which directly affected Canadian society.
In Criminal cases, the general principle is that when it comes to proving the guilt of an accused person, the burden of proving this rests with the prosecution . In the case of Woolmington v DPP , it was stated in the judgment of Lord Sankey that; “Throughout the web of the English Criminal law one golden thread is always to be seen, that is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner’s guilt subject to….. the defence of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception”. From the Judgment of Lord Sankey, the following circumstances where the accused bears the legal burden of proof in criminal cases were established; where the accused pleads the defence of insanity, where a statute or Act of Parliament expressly imposes the legal burden of proof on the defence, and where a statute or Act of Parliament impliedly imposes the legal burden of proof on the defence. An accused person will also bear the legal burden of proof of the statutory defence of diminished responsibility which is covered by section 2(2) Homicide Act 1957. In the cases of Lambert Ali and Jordan , the Court of Appeal held that imposing the legal burden of proof of proving diminished responsibility on the defence does not infringe Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
This is one of the most important aspects of the criminal investigation process due to the fact that if the proper procedures aren’t followed, the validity of the case will be jeopardized. The Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002 (NSW) outlines the conditions of which a person can be arrested and detained. A key term in the arresting process is ‘suspicion on reasonable grounds’ as this describes the discretion of the police in making arrests. Although for most arrests, a warrant is needed, police can arrest someone if they genuinely believe that the person is guilty of a crime. After a person has been arrested, they will be detained in a police station and this process is also outlined in the Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002 (NSW). The Act outlines the rights a person who has been detained, such as refreshment periods, and the procedures that the police must follow, this is all done to help protect the rights of citizens. If a person is charged with a crime, they will either be put in remand or be allowed to post bail. Bail, also referred to as conditional freedom, allows a person to retain certain rights, such as spend their time awaiting trial in their home, and this is outlined in the Bail Act 1978 (NSW). Bail is a great example in the criminal trial process achieving justice, as the concept of bail seeks to