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Bushfire occurrence in australia
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Diverse Australian Biomes Adapting
Australia is a land of rather extreme weather conditions and widely diverse climates that force the vegetation living there to adapt in many interesting ways. Australia is the driest continent, and biomes such as grasslands and savannas are prime sources of widespread catastrophic fires. The plants that grow in the vast arid and semi-arid regions of Australia are prone to fires simply because of the desert climates that they grow in. High temperatures combined with low fuel moisture contents, little humidity and drying winds that sweep across the landscape encourage many of the plants living in these areas to burst into flames at fairly frequent intervals. Serotinous cones, protective bark, intricate underground recovery systems, unique seed distributions and even the necessity of fire for reproduction are just some of the amazing ways that the major plant families which grow in these fire-prone areas have learned to adapt to their environments.
History of fires in Australia
Australia is currently the driest continent in the world and has a vast history of fire to prove it. Bushfires in the Adelaide Hills were first described and recorded in 1827, and have occurred at frequent intervals since that time. Fire weather can reach extremes in places such as Rudall River National Park in NW Western Australia. Temperatures are often above 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), dew points can drop to —37 degrees Celsius, and the winds, uninhibited by trees, can reach speeds of 50-60 km/h (31-37 mph) at any given time in the year. The fuels there may appear to be completely dead, and gaps between plants may be a meter or more (Gill, 1995). In 1966 a massive fire at Brooyar, Queensland had flame heights of 20-25 meters (65-82 feet). In addition to being devastating, the fires are also very unpredictable. A bushfire in the Baulkham Hills in January of 1975 completely destroyed property and some homes, while leaving others untouched. Serious fires occur in the Dandenog Ranges at frequent intervals, and housing there has always been a difficult problem with fire control [3]. Fire has also been used for centuries as an important tool for land management (O’Neill, 1993).
Necessary Conditions For Fire
Plants that grow in the vast arid and semi-arid regions of Australia are prone to fires simply because of the desert climate they grow in. High temperatures, low fuel moisture contents, little humidity and drying winds that sweep across the landscape encourage small patches of plants to burst into flames.
It is so sad to see the horror of forest fires and how they corrupt our beautiful land. So much damage comes out of what started so small. At least 603 square miles of land were burned in the early stages of the Arizona fire only a couple of years ago (BBC 2). In a Colorado fire 2.3 million acres had been burned (BBC 3). That land could have been saved if the use of prescribed burns had been in the area.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease of the secretory glands that affects the respiratory and digestive system. It mainly effects the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and reproductive organs. Cystic fibrosis effects the cells that produce sweat, mucus, and digestive fluids. Mucus becomes thick and sticky causing build-up in the lungs and blocking airways; making it easier for bacteria to develop. This prompts repeated lung infections and can cause severe lung damage after some time. The thick mucus can also block ducts in the pancreas. Therefore, digestive enzymes can't reach the small intestine. Without the digestive compounds used to break down food, the intestines can't completely absorb vital supplements. CF also causes sweat to become salty. When patients with cystic fibrosis sweat, a large amount of salt is secreted, which can agitate the equalization of minerals in the blood and cause numerous health issues.
Another interesting characteristic of chaparral plants is their ability to respond to fire and other natural disasters. Due to the dry and arid nature of the area, the sage and grasslands can easily cause brush fires. When the area is burned, the shrubs and plant life d...
... them with more abundant and more nutrition vegetation as well as cover and shelter. It seems that the benefit and need for fire in certain environments is very important. So this leaves people to ask the question, “Why don’t we increase the use of prescribed fire?”
It is caused by mutations to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(CFTR) gene. Located on human chromosome 7, the CFTR gene is made up of 250,000 DNA nucleotides.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a very common, potentially life threatening condition. The disease is caused by inheritance, and affects the exocrine glands of the patient. Cystic fibrosis is found primarily among Caucasians and those of European descent. Those diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis battle daily to perform simple tasks, such as breathing, as the mucus in their bodies thickens immensely. This mucus will potentially accumulate in the patient’s vital organs, such as the lungs, pancreas, and intestines. One can determine if he/she has cystic fibrosis by analyzing certain symptoms. Cystic Fibrosis can be diagnosed according to the symptoms the patient shows, and can be treated through specific types of treatments, such as gene therapy.
Cystic Fibrosis is a chronic non-gender biased illness which affects the digestive system and the lungs. This condition also results in the buildup of mucus, which clogs in the respiratory system as well as the pancreas. Cystic Fibrosis occurs because a defective gene causes the body to excrete excessive sticky and thick mucus that clogs the lungs leading to a life-limiting lung infections. When these thick secretions obstruct the pancreas, they prevent the digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines to aid in breaking down as well as absorbing food. However, if Cystic Fibrosis are not treated, it can be fatal as there is no cure. Research shows that each day one person dies from Cystic Fibrosis. As such, this is the most deadly condition
gene. Millions of Americans carry the Cystic Fibrosis gene, but will never have any symptoms. They
Hamlet’s morals tell him killing his uncle is wrong, and simba feels responsible for the death of his father so he does not want to return home. Another strong theme is revenge and corruption. Both uncles in the stories are blinded by power and go as far as to kill their own family and the only solution both protagonist seem to find is revenge for the murder of their father/parents. One last theme that can be found is justice. Both characters feel the need to take matters into their own hands, which is necessary to a degree, instead of going to higher authorities or seek help from other people instead of acting alone. Hamlet’s notion for revenge nearly drove him insane. Though they do receive some justice in the death of their uncle, Hamlet being the original adult version of the book end with the death of all the royalty family. The Lion King being a movie designed for children ends with the demise of
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that occurs when a child inherits two abnormal genes, one from each parent.
Australia is home to the great barrier reef which is the world's largest coral reef system, and home to the kangaroo. Australia is the driest continent in the world. The outback is the part of Australia that few live in because it’s a vast desert (“Australia”). The great dividing range is a long chain of mountains that runs along the Pacific Coast of Australia (“Australia”). Australia is the driest inhabitable country in the world (“Australia”). The great barrier reef of Australia is the largest in the world (“Australia”). Australia is already a dry country and if the temperature rises anymore due to climate change than Australia could suffer from more severe forest fires and be doomed.
Cystic fibrosis is a life-threatening disease that causes damage to the lungs and digestive system. This disease is constantly being researched to find a cure and to develop different treatments to lessen the disease’s effects. CF causes a multitude of defects to how a person’s body functions because of the gene mutation they are born with.
Cystic fibrosis is a particularly fatal disease, it affects primarily young children and adolescents but a diagnosis later in life is not unheard of. “It is an inherited disease of the secretary glands” ("What is cystic," 2011) that can affect many of the body's organs, most characteristically the lungs. One of the reasons CF (the short form for cystic fibrosis) is so life-threatening is because of the amount of organs it can affect inside the body. It can affect organs such as the “pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses and sex organs” ("www.medincinet.com," 1996). Mucus lines many body tissues, it naturally is a “thin and slippery” (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010) secretion but in a client with cystic fibrosis these secretions “become thick and sticky. [Reference Figure 1.] Instead of acting as a lubricant the secretions plug up tubes, ducts and passageways especially in the pancreas” (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2010). These blockages in the pancreas mean that “digestive enzymes that your pancre...
Fire at any level can be devastating, yet the effects that wildfires have on every worldwide country really has left its mark on the land. As written by world renowned wild fire spokesperson Smokey the Bear, “Every year, wildfires sweeps through parts of the United States setting wilderness and homes ablaze. On average these raging infernos destroy about four to five million acres of land a year. But in 2012, wildfire burned more than 9.3 million acres, an area about the size of Massachusetts and Connecticut combined” (U.S. Wildfires). Destroying homes, crops, towns and of course forests. Yet the effects of these fires can be seen from a negative perspective as well as some positive. Plus there are natural causes as well as manmade that makes these destructive fires erupt and become almost unstoppable in seconds.
Prior to the occurrence of bushfires, the conditions has to be just right to nurture the flames, unfortunately for Australia most times, is the right time. The humidity has to be relatively low, lower than around 20%, which consequently dries out the fuel and making it extremely flammable. There also has to be a gradient of different air-pressures causing winds and therefore increasing oxygen and as a result intense flames can be cultivated. If a dry spell follows a period of good rain that has encouraged lush vegetation, there is a greater fire risk as a consequence on the excess fuel