1- Scope of study
Written media discourses such as newspapers and magazines have a manifest influence upon people and in forming conventions of each society. Matheson (2005) finds the following: We assume that the shared world of a culture – what "its members think is real, interesting, beautiful, moral and all the other meanings they attach to the world – is partly constructed by each member and partly by institutions such as newspapers or radio stations, and prevailing ideas. (p.1)
Matheson(2005) also argues as following: Discourse analysis of the media allows us to describe and assess this sharing of meaning in close detail. It analyses which representations of the social world predominate. It analyses what kinds of interactions media texts set up between people and the world and between the powerful and the rest. And it analyses how meaning is made differently in different media texts, and therefore what different ways of seeing and thinking tend to be
…show more content…
Tanskanen(2006, p.15), for example, explains their definition of cohesion and describes it as a semantic one, commenting that "cohesion is realised through grammar and vocabulary". As cited in Tanskanen(2006, p.15), "Cohesive devices can be classified into two categories: grammatical and lexical cohesion. Reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction are types of grammatical cohesion, while reiteration and collocation are lexical ones (Halliday & Hasan 1976). Tanskanen(2006, p.7) agrees with their classificaion saying " cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical elements on the surface of a text which can form connections between parts of the text. However, as cited in Tanskanen(2006, p. 2) the cohesive devices used in texts differ according to the topics of these texts(Widdowson 1992, p.109).
• Criticism against Halliday and Hasan's Cohesion in
Structure is essential for both literary text and informative text. The informative text provides facts laid out in
There are many ways the media influences society, but in the 1920’s the main source was newspapers. The New York Times was one of the most popular and prestigious papers of this time and also one of the most influential. Many people had fait in what they read and never second gu...
In the article Mind Over Mass Media, Steven Pinker claims that the use of technology enhances our intelligence, despite what critics say, when used in productive ways. Pinker supports his claim by explaining that if electronic media were hazardous to intelligence, the quality of science would be plummeting and that philosophy, history and cultural criticism, are flourishing will the use of the Web. The author’s purpose is persuade readers that new media is allowing mankind to locate information at a faster rate, in order to prevent readers from believing that technology is hurting us. The author writes in an informal tone for technology users.
Newspaper, radio, film, television. These are only a few of the various forms media can take. From the moment we open our eyes to the instant we shut them, we are surrounded by media and absorb the information it hurls at us in an osmosis-like manner. The news ranges from the latest terror attack and political scandals to supposed UFO sightings and scandals involving sandals. We as an audience tend to focus more on the message the media relays rather than on the medium in which it is presented to us. “What?” is asked more than “How?” The key claim Marshall McLuhan makes in his book, The Medium is the Massage, is that the form of media influences how the message is perceived. Let’s illustrate this with a scenario: it’s eight o’clock in the morning.
The definition this paper will use for cohesion is ‘forces acting on the members ...
A discourse community is a group of individuals all with relatively the same ending goal or original interest that all have their own way of participation and have different motives, it is easier to feel more included in a discourse community once literacy achieved. Discourse communities can be found in many different places; it is just a matter of what is being looked for. These communities can come from the entire population, all of the people who speak the English language, any place of education, restaurants, any home, or even at the gym/ recreation center. In order to become literate in the fitness discourse community the differences in basic motives, the values that are important, and the places available to work out at must be understood.
In his article “The Concept of Discourse Community,” John Swales describes a discourse community as a group of people that “have a broadly agreed set of common goals, contain certain mechanisms of intercommunication among its members, have acquired a specific lexis, and have a threshold level of members with a suitable degree of relevant content discoursal expertise” (Swales #). An example of such a discourse community is the legal profession. The legal profession has the common goal of understanding and applying general principles to particular factual situations. In doing so, lawyers use language, concepts, and methods that are unique to their community. In order to become a recognized member of the legal community, a person must graduate from law school and pass the bar exam thereby demonstrating an in depth knowledge concerning all areas of the law and the specialized rules, methods, and jargon used by lawyers to communicate about legal principles.
"A texts setting and structure will normally be used by writers to develop and convey its themes."
Lunsford and Robert (1995: 116) say that a paragraph is defined as “a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit”. It can be understood that a paragraph is the combination of sentences or only one sentence that supports only one main idea. Each paragraph must begin with a topic sentence that expresses the main idea of a paragraph. Next, supporting sentences relating to the topic sentence and its controlling ideas with specific examples and detailed explanations should be presented. Finally, a concluding sentence restating the central idea is given at the end of the paragraph. According to Rosen and Laurence (1997: 119), there are four essential elements that an effective paragraph should consistently contain, namely a topic sentence, unity, coherence, and sufficient development. To be more specific, all sentences in a paragraph need refer to the paper’s main idea that maintains a consistent flow. Besides, the sentences need to be arranged logically and definitely. A topic sentence is considered as the most vital part in a paragraph that states the main idea of a paragraph. Without a topic sentence, it is difficult for readers to control the whole opinion conveyed. In addition, each idea discussed in the paragraph should be adequately explained and supported through evidences and details to explain the paper's controlling
How mass media is using both Ideology and Popular Culture to develop societal expectations and social identities. This essay will look at how Ideology, Hegemony, and Popular Cultural Theory shape common values and expectations of society and media’s influence and compare and contrast differing approaches to understanding the relationship between media and society. The discussion will be contextualized through the use of gender roles and expectations, and how these theories develop and affect the female social identity.
Power use is around us whether noticed or not. Power in Discourse Analysis is a medium to achieve an end. The end is for stronger of the two sides of the discourse. Power in discourse analysis is the use of language in a discourse allowing the person who acquires knowledge and high status in the discourse takes control of the discourse thus having the higher power. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss nature of power argued in Discourse Analysis, attempts made to define ‘power’ in social research and discuss the different types of power.
Lexical cohesion is achieved by the selection of words that are semantically related in the term of meaning.
Reiteration, as the first category of lexical cohesion, is a phenomenon in which the lexical item refers back to another item that has a connection with a general reference. It is a lexical cohesion which forms a constituent that has been mentioned. Reiteration consists of repetition, hyponymy, synonyms, and antonymy. The purpose of using these aspects of reiteration is to obtain the effect of the intensity of the meaning of language, information events, and beauty of other languages. Haliday and Hasan (1976) says that:
The mass media has played a key role in shaping people’s lives. The modern society’s use of mass media including TV, radio, newspaper, as well as print media has largely influenced people’s ideas regarding themselves and the society at large. This is evident from their behavior towards themselves and their community as well as their treatment of the environment. While some experts believe that the media is to blame for most of the negative behavioral traits among the active members of society, the majority agree that the media makes people understand and develop a positive sense of association with their society within which they live, making it easy for them to identify and get their role in it.
Throughout the previous years, the effect of mass media has produced exponentially with the innovation of technology. Initially there were books, tabloids, journals, photography, movies, broadcast, TV, New Media of the Internet, and now mass media. Nowadays, each individual are most depended on the news media and gossips to preserve their lives moving within everyday accomplishments. We trust the mass media for the existing newscast and evidences concerning anything that is significant and what we must be conscious of. We rely on the media as a consultant for gossip, info, and amusement. The amount of authority varies on the obtainability of media. All of the customary mass media partake excessive impact throughout our existence. For example the 20th century port...