INTRODUCTION:
With the increase use of computers to commit crimes and growing demand for computer-based data in civil proceedings, crimes developed rapidly for forensics experts to extract useful information from computer evidence. The field of digital forensics has evolved to allow security professionals to examine evidence from the increasing plethora of digital devices to help determine what individuals might have done in the past. Some of the digital crimes are cyber stalking, Internet fraud, Nigerian scam letter, Phishing, Identity Theft etc. Forensic works are more technical. From corporate server farms to police raids on criminals' houses to the modern battlefield a wide variety of evidence is collected. It helps to determine what happened and who would be responsible. Some work in digital forensics is largely procedural and covers a wide variety of areas. Some of the law enforcement needs to produce compelling and legally recognized evidence to prosecute crimes and corporations might need to identify and mitigate an insider threat which requires a lower standard of proof and military intelligence needs might require quick action based on a limited amount of information. Those forensics researchers must develop new techniques for acquiring and analyzing data from the new devices that they encounter in their cases. Digital evidence is information stored or transited in digital form that may be used in court during an investigation. Different organizational entities have unique requirements for forensic results.
WORK DONE IN THE PAST:
The first computer crimes were recognized in the 1978 Florida Computer Crimes Act, which includes legislation against unauthorized modification or deletion of data on a computer syste...
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...s creators, and they know the key points to use technology against technology.
• Currently few organizations have dominated digital crime forensic markets which have the tools and the solutions for cyber forensic investigation and are looking forward to train law enforcement agencies to use their tools and solutions to overcome digital and cyber-crimes.
CONCLUSION:
• Most of the Digital crimes are done by using technology against technology which is a vital part of the computer security process. Now a days many corporate companies, government agencies are taking precautionary measures by impimenting solutions and tools to undergo Digital and Cybercrimes. As more knowledge is obtained about how crimes are committed with the use of computers, more forensic tools are to be implemented to gather evidence more efficiently and combat the crime wave on technology.
Other evidence located within the grave consisted of a generic watch, two cigarette butts, a button, a washer and a shell casing. All of these could be analysed for finger prints and DNA. The cigarette butts would also show a serial number indicating the brand (shown in Figure 3), which can be useful if it is found a victim or offender smokes a particular type of cigarette.
In the United States, local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies, including FBI, Department of Homeland Security, among others, have taken on roles to fight computer crimes and terrorism. The roles and responses of these law enforcement agencies concerning digital crime have created challenges that limit enforcement efforts against digital crime.
Forensics investigations that require the analyzation and processing of digital evidence can be influenced both positively and negatively by a number of outside sources. In this paper, we will explore how physical security plays a role in forensics investigations activities. We will start by examining how physical and environmental security might impact the forensics investigation process. Next, we will discuss the role that physical and logical security zones play in supporting effective forensics activities. We will illustrate how centralized and decentralized physical and environmental security affects the forensics professional’s approach toward the investigation. Lastly, we will evaluate some potential areas of risk related to the physical security of our case study organization, Widget Factory, identified in Attachment 1.
Technologies are advancing in today's world where more information is being generated, stored and distributed through digital gadgets. This requires investigators and forensic expert to increase the use of digital evidence gathering as a tool to fight against cyber-crime (International competition network, n.d.).
Computers have become a big part of our lives. They are being used more and more and the Internet has brought with it a big amount of computer criminals. In 1988, Victoria created the first Australian computer crime laws.
The criminal justice system has changed a lot since the good old days of the Wild West when pretty much anything was legal. Criminals were dealt with in any fashion the law enforcement saw fit. The science of catching criminals has evolved since these days. We are better at catching criminals than ever and we owe this advancement to forensic science. The development of forensic science has given us the important techniques of fingerprinting and DNA analysis. We can use these techniques to catch criminals, prove people's innocence, and keep track of inmates after they have been paroled. There are many different ways of solving crimes using forensic evidence. One of these ways is using blood spatter analysis; this is where the distribution and pattern of bloodstains is studied to find the nature of the event that caused the blood spatter. Many things go into the determination of the cause including: the effects of various types of physical forces on blood, the interaction between blood and the surfaces on which it falls, the location of the person shedding the blood, the location and actions of the assailant, and the movement of them both during the incident. Another common type of forensic evidence is trace evidence. This is commonly recovered from any number of items at a crime scene. These items can include carpet fibers, clothing fibers, or hair found in or around the crime scene. Hairs recovered from crime scenes can be used as an important source of DNA. Examination of material recovered from a victim's or suspect's clothing can allow association to be made between the victim and other people, places, or things involved in the investigation. DNA analysis is the most important part of forensic science. DNA evidence can come in many forms at the crime scene. Some of these forms include hair; bodily fluids recovered at the crime scene or on the victim's body, skin under the victim's fingernails, blood, and many others. This DNA can be the basis of someone's guilt or innocence; it has decided many cases in the twentieth century. As the times continue to change and the criminals get smarter we will always need to find new ways to catch them. Forensic science is the most advanced method yet, but is only the beginning. As the field of science grows so will the abilities of the
Technology has opened new encounters and opportunities for the criminal justice system. There are so many new practices of criminal activity, such as computer crimes. There are different types of computer crimes that many people become victims of every day. Computer crime is any crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target ("Computer Crime: Chapter 2: What Are the Crimes?", n.d.). Crimes such as data diddling, pump and dump, social engineering and spoofing are computer crimes. Even though these crimes are difficult by privacy issues, the new technology has made investigations and prosecutions well organized and effective. Though views are different on the pros and cons of specific technological changes in the criminal justice system, there is an agreement the system has changed affectedly ("Effects of Technology in Criminal Justice | eHow", n.d.).
Pallaras, Stephen. "New Technology: Opportunities And Challenges For Prosecutors." Crime, Law & Social Change 56.1 (2011): 71-89. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 10 Mar. 2014.
Arresting drug dealers, removing illegal weapons from the streets, arresting impaired drivers, and combating gang activity is why many went into law enforcement. Most did not go in to law enforcement so they can investigate a computer hacker. Even with new studies showing that two-thirds of all agencies had dealt with or responded to a computer-related incident (Britz, 2103), many agencies are still dragging their feet on training officers or having a fulltime officer to conduct cybercrimes
A forensic interview is a structured conversation with a child or minor with the intention of eliciting detailed information about a possible event (s) that the child many have experienced or witnessed. Concurrently, for Van Heerden (1977: 8) forensics refer to the computerized activities or scientific knowledge employed by law enforcement agents to serve justice. In the study, forensic investigation is used to refer to any computer-related activities or methods used by police, investigators, prosecutors and all other law enforcement agents to gather facts, track down criminals, arrest or detain them, gather information, preserve information and finally present it in the court of law.
The use of computers in homes, schools, offices, and other places has increased in the past few years due to technological developments. As computers have become important components of modern communication, their increased use has also led to the emergence of computer crimes. Computer crimes basically involve the use of a computer system to carry out an illegal activity. In attempts to lessen the frequency and impact of computer crimes, law enforcement agencies use computer forensic to investigate these offenses. Actually, computer crimes are governed by specific laws and dealt with through conducting a computer forensic investigation (Easttom & Taylor, 2011, p.337). Notably, a computer forensic investigation is usually carried out through the use of computer forensic tools, which help in collection of evidence based on the specific offense.
In order to wipe out computer crimes, an agency specialized in computer crimes should be at task to take care of such crimes and special devices provided to them in their lab. The devices they have available is what they will use in curbing the crimes hence the need to provide them with sophisticated devices.
The biggest challenge investigators face and who is involved with high tech crime is the fast-paced constant evolving nature of technology. When companies come out with new devices or new versions of old devices which is almost all the time, and those who gather digital evidence must remain current to be able to locate and preserve all potential evidence. As technology evolves the capacities of these devices will rapidly increase while their form factor grows continually smaller. Investigators must preserve digital evidence to make sure it is suitable for presentation in court as well. Investigators must first never change a crime scene or alter evidence. It is their goal to document and preserve the scene exactly as it was when the crime occurred. Extreme caution and care is needed because the mere act of documenting or cataloging a crime scene means that investigators are interacting with the scene. The second concern is the physical fragility of the evidence. Care must be taken to keep items from getting wet, stepped on etc, this can also be applied to digital evidence. Investigators have been able to examine hard disk drives that have been through fires because the drives are usually air and water tight and impervious to temperatures into the thousands of degrees. The third issue is that digital evidence can be lo...
In our modern society, computers and other digital devices are becoming ubiquitous. In the late 1970’s the number of crimes that involved digital devices and computers has been increasing rapidly. As a result of that, computer experts specified the need for permanently improving digital forensic tools and practices.
Computer crime or Cyber Crime is defined as any type of crime that involves or regards a computer or computer network. Cyber Crime mainly means that the computer may be used as a tool in the commission of the crime or the computer may be the main target of the criminal’s crime. The rapid growth of technology and gadgets as well as the further de...