Gabriela Delgado
MED 2056
Diabetes Mellitus
Instructor Michela Leytham
April 1, 2014
1. Discuss the pathophysiology of Type 1 & Type 2 DM
Diabetes Mellitus is a common chronic disease in which patients with it, will require lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. In the Unites States, DM is one of the leading causes of blindness, end stage kidney disease with dialysis or kidney transplant, along with lower extremity amputations. It is characterized by hyperglycemia or high blood sugar causing lack of insulin.
Type 1 DM is caused by the absolute absence of insulin where the pancreas is no longer producing any insulin. Insulin injections are mandatory in this case.
Type 2 DM is a chronic disease caused by either impaired insulin production, inappropriate liver glucose production, or peripheral insulin receptor insensitivity. In other words, either insulin is being retained or very little of it being produced.
2. Identify and Compare Risk Factors for Type 1 (IDDM) & Type 2 (NIDDM)
Type 1: Is an Autoimmune disorder in which no insulin is being produced affecting only 5-10% of people with diabetes and is more common in Caucasians with a typical onset before the age of 30. There aren’t many risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes, but some known ones include, Family History, Genetics, and Geography. Other possible ones are Viral exposure or viral infections, early drinking of Vitamin D (cow’s milk), and other dietary factors such as drinking water with nitrates may also increase the risk.
Type 2: Is the most common form of diabetes affecting 90-95% of the 21 million people with diabetes and is more common in African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans. Those people who are at higher risk of getting this type of diab...
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...use the blood sugar levels to decrease and cause hypoglycemia. Preventative measures should include extra carbs up to 24 hours after exercise. Surgery is a physical and emotional stressor which may put a diabetic patient at a higher risk for complications. The goal is to keep the glucose level between 120 and 200mg/dl during surgery.
Reference List
Mahler, R. J.; Adler, M. L. (1998). The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Update on Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and
Treatment. Volume 88, Issue 4, Pages 3082-3089. Retrieved from
http://press.endocrine.org/doi/citedby/10.1210/jcem.84.4.5612
Medline Plus. (2013). Diabetes Medicines. Retrieved from
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetesmedicines.html
MedicineNet.com. (2012). Diabetes Mellitus. Retrieved from
http://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.html
Type 1 diabetes mellitus also known as juvenile diabetes is a serious condition in which the pancreas produces a small amount or no insulin at all. Insulin is a hormone the body needs to transfer sugar into cells to create energy. This disease is most common in children, but can occur in adults around their late 30’s to early 40’s. Unlike patients with type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes patients are not usually overweight.
Diabetes Mellitus is defined as “a disease in which too little or no insulin is produced or insulin is produced but cannot be used normally resulting in high levels of sugar in the blood” (merriam-webster.com, 2016). Insulin is a hormone which regulates glucose, or blood sugar, ensuring that it is used as energy by the body’s cells. If the insulin levels are irregular, the glucose remains in the blood
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is also referred to as insulin-dependent as the secretion of the hormone insulin by the pancreas is reduced to minor levels due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by immune system of the body. Therefore, Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition due to the fact that the body is harming the pancreas with antibodies so beta cells cannot make any insulin for bloodstream to take in glucose. The fact that the cells in the body cannot take in glucose means that it builds up in the blood and hyperglycaemia occurs. This abnormally high level of blood glucose is able to harm the nervous system, tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, heart and the eyes. Type 1 Diabetes is fatal when left untreated as it then causes heart disease, kidney disease, damage to the nerves, stroke and
Type 1 Diabetes formerly called juvenile onset diabetes occurs typically before the age of 20, but now at any age anyone can be diagnosed with type 1. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are usually thin, go to the bathroom a lot to urinate, and are always hungry. The cause of Type 1 Diabetes is that the pancreas, which is the organ that secretes insulin, is destroyed by auto antibodies, which is why people with Type 1 Diabetes always need insulin, either to be injected or through an insulin pump. When glucose cannot enter the cells, it builds up in the blood causing the body's cells to starve to death. People with type 1 diabetes mus...
Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 diabetes/adult onset diabetes) is an epidemic in American Indian and Alaska Natives communities.7 AI/AN have the highest morbidity and mortality rates in the United States.7 American Indian/Alaska Native adults are 2.3 more times likely to be diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus than non-Hispanic Whites.7 More importantly, AI/AN adolescent ages 10-14 are 9 times likely to be diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus than non-Hispanic Whites.7 Type 2 diabetes is high blood glucose levels due to lack of insulin and/or inability to use it efficiently.8 Type 2 diabetes usually affects older adults; 8 however, the incident rate is rising quicker amongst AI/AN youth than non-Hispanic Whites.7 This is foreshadowing of earlier serious complications that will be effecting the AI/AN communitie...
Mr A is a 56 year old male who is currently suffering from deep vein thrombosis and type 2 diabetes. A case study describing Mr. A identifies that his current lifestyle is not conducive to being active, healthy or successfully managing his diagnosed diseases. This essay discusses Mr A’s diabetes, deep vein thrombosis and current lifestyle behaviours. It will be argued in this essay that health education campaigns inform Mr A about the conditions he suffers from, creates awareness of the risks associated with his current lifestyle and encourages Mr. A change his behaviour. Firstly, this essay includes a summary of deep Vein thrombosis and diabetes. Secondly, the transtherotecial model of will be discussed. Thirdly, health education
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is an endocrine disorder that causes impaired use of carbohydrates while enhancing the use of proteins and lipids. This is called insulin resistance, in which the pancreas cannot make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, or the body is unable to use what is produced. The impairment causes blood glucose level to rise higher than normal. There is no cure for type 2 diabetes mellitus and it is life threatening when left untreated. Signs and symptoms of this disorder include vision changes, increased thirst, increased hunger, increased frequency of urination, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, erectile dysfunction, and absences of mentruation. These can occur abruptly, or over a long period of time. Long-term complications from diabetes include kidney damage, eye damage, and blindness. The risk factors for developing diabetes mellitus include genetics, sedentary lifestyle, high blood pressure, history of diabetes during pregnancy, poor diet, obesity, high cholesterol, and abdominal obesity. Diabetes mellitus can be managed through the use of medication, or by reducing risk factors, such as avoiding obesity, inactivity, and poor nutrition.
Diabetes is a disease that affects the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose (blood sugar) to enter the cells of the body and be used for energy. Diabetes falls into two main categories: type 1, or juvenile diabetes, which usually occurs during childhood or adolescence, and type 2, or adult-onset diabetes, the most common form of the disease, usually occurring after age 40. Type 1 results from the body’s immune system attacking the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The onset of juvenile diabetes is much higher in the winter than in the summer. This association has been repeatedly confirmed in diabetes research. Type 2 is characterized by “insulin resistance,” or an inability of the cells to use insulin, sometimes accompanied by a deficiency in insulin production. There is also sometimes a third type of diabetes considered. It is gestational diabetes, which occurs when the body is not able to properly use insulin during pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes encompasses nine out of 10 diabetic cases. Diabetes is the fifth-deadliest disease in the United States, and it has no cure. The total annual economic cost of diabetes in 2002 was estimated to be $132 billion, or one out of every 10 health care dollars spent in the United States. Diabetes risk factors can fall into three major categories: family history, obesity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Minority groups and elderly are at the greatest risk of developing diabetes.
...ll cause your blood sugars to lower (Mayo Clinic Staff). While working out you will notice that your blood sugar levels will be all over the place so its important to have things such as glucose pills just in case your levels drop too low. Exercise may not be the cure for diabetes but it could be the thing that prevents you from getting it.
Diabetes is a problem with your body that causes blood glucose (sugar) levels to rise higher than normal. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. People whose body does not use insulin properly have what’s known as type 2 diabetes or often called insulin resistance. At first, your pancreas makes extra insulin to make up for the lack of blood glucose. But, over time it isn't able to keep up and can't make enough insulin to keep your blood glucose at normal levels. “According to national examination surveys, Mexican Americans are almost twice as likely as non-Hispanic whites to be diagnosed with diabetes by a physician. They have higher rates of end-stage renal disease, caused by diabetes, and they are 50% more likely to di...
1. Type 1 diabetes is a result from the body’s failure to produce insulin, which requires the individual to inject insulin in other ways (RCT).
Type 1 diabetes has a genetic onset that often occurs in adolescence (Porth, 2005). It is an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta cells within the liver are destroyed (Dorman, 1993). This causes a deficiency in insulin secretion, which ultimately leads to high blood glucose levels, also referred to as hyperglycemia (Guthrie & Guthrie, 2004). The mechanism for insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia is described in more detail in the following section and in Figure 1.
Type 1 diabetes, is an incurable but treatable disease which can occur at any age but is mostly found in children due to the high levels of glucose in the blood (Eckman 2011). Juvenile diabetes affects about 1 in every 400-600 children and more than 13,000 are diagnosed yearly (Couch 2008). Type 1 Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, is too high. With Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone, which helps glucose gets into your cells to provide energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth (American Diabetes Association). Previous research has suggested proper insulin management, a balanced diet and exercise will help maintain glycemic control and lessen the chance of complications (Couch 2008).
Diabetes mellitus is a disease that hinders the body’s utilization of the monosaccharide glucose due to their failure to preserve adequate blood insulin levels. Under normal conditions, when someone eats or drinks an food item with carbohydrates, the enzymes in the stomach break it down into glucose. Next, the glucose is transported to the blood through facilitated diffusion or an active symport protein pump. Then, the parasympathetic nervous system would team up with the hypothalamus to stimulate a negative feedback control reaction and downregulate blood glucose levels. It instructs the pancrease to secrete insulin, which binds to receptors on muscle and liver cells and signals them to use the extra glucose or store it as glycogen. Any
On my mother’s side of the family Type-1 diabetes is prevalent and it isn’t entirely considered an inherited disease, but it has been proven to have some genetic factors that can be passed down. Diabetes is becoming an increasing problem in the United States with half of all Americans becoming either diabetic or pre-diabetic.