Dark count or Dark Current is one of the most important CCD specifications,
along with resolution, quantum efficiency and noise figure.
Dark count or Dark Current is one of the most important CCD
specifications, along with resolution, quantum efficiency and noise
figure. Dark current causes an output to occur without the previous
introduction of an input. This is caused by the thermal generation and
then diffusion of charge. This Dark Current is generated at different
locations in the CCD, but the cause of this charge generation is
basically the same in all locations. This is because all cases are to
do with irregularities in the fundamental crystal structure of the
silicon present in CCDs. Examples of these irregularities include
metal impurities such as gold, copper or iron, and crystal defects
such as dislocations and stacking faults, all of which are known to be
thermal generation sites of charge carriers in silicon. THE BEST
EXAMPLE OF WHERE THIS DARK Current can be located is at the Silicon
Oxide to silicon interface of the MOS capacitor (which is the main
building block of a CCD) . This is due to the fact that this is where
the largest irregularity in the silicon crystal structure occurs.
However, it can also be located in the in the bulk of the silicon both
inside and outside the depletion layer, which is defined by the CCD
potential wells.
To give an example of the amount of Dark Current, which is induced A
Kodak KAF-0400 and KAF-1600 sensor is specified to have a Dark Current
of 50 electrons being induced per second at 25 degrees c. Taking a
one-minute exposure at this temperature would generate 3000 electrons
of thermally induced charge, which is calculated by 60secs times 50
electrons.
In theory the average Dark Current value can be subtracted from the
output value to provide the signal due to photoelectrons. However in
reality there are fluctuations in the Dark Current called Dark noise,
and this cannot be accounted for in the same way. Noise occurs in
different forms such as shot noise and trapping noise which both
appear in the CCD channel. It also occurs at the input and output
stages as KTC noise, but my main focus shall be on shot noise as it is
closely associated with Dark Current.
We know that the generation of Dark Current is a totally random
process, due to the fact that the generation sites are randomly
distributed and perhaps more importantly, the Dark Current generation
process is random as a function of time. The number of electrons
generated and then collected in a charge packet travelling through the
The ubiquity of silicon chips has been primarily driven by the breadth, and rate of innovation in the semiconductor field over the past fifty years. Every realm of human life has benefited from these advancements, and it is gratifying to know that each of us in the field has played a part, however infinitesimal. However, disruptive innovation in the next ten years will surpass all that we have accomplished in the last fifty years.
Pepsi had the great idea to use the general public in their commercials and show that Pepsi was preferred over Coke. ("Rock and... Wars"). This worked well, since the people in the commercials and the people watching at home were both included in the ‘general Public.’ ("Rock and... Wars"). Pepsi and Coke began using famous people in their commercials and advertisements. Coke and Pepsi began having blind taste tests to see which beverage is preferred. The blindfolding made it fair. People began worrying about their health and taking soda out of their diet. ("Rock and... Wars"). Due to this both Pepsi and Coke have been dropping in sales. ("Rock and... Wars"). To try and avoid competition the two brands try to use different consumers, sponsor different sports, and make different their logos. ("Rock and... Wars"). They also chose different colors for their packaging, and built different images for their brand. ("Rock and...
shown plainly to be part of a cyclic design. The famous motif which dominates the first
Coca-Cola has an extensive history that began in 1886 when the curiosity of an Atlanta pharmacist, Dr. John S. Pemberton, led him to create a distinctive tasting soft drink that could be sold at soda fountains (WOCC 1). He created a flavored syrup, took it to his neighborhood pharmacy, where it was mixed with carbonated water using the process of effervescence and deemed “excellent” by those who tried the new product (1). Dr. Pemberton’s partner and bookkeeper, Frank M. Robinson, is credited with naming the beverage “Coca‑Cola” as well as designing the trademarked, distinct script, still used today(1).
History. “Coke Lore: The Real Story of New Coke.” The Coca-Cola Company, 2006. Web. 15
For well over a century, both Coca-Cola and Pepsi have been battling it out for the top spot in the soft drink market. For the first 12 years after Coke’s creation, it reigned supreme, having no competition until Pepsi’s creation in 1898. As Pepsi was taking its first steps as a company, Coca-Cola was already selling a million gallons of Coke
When we think about Coke, we usually compare it to Pepsi right away due to the fact that both beverages have very similar taste and ingredients, in a matter of fact if you were to close your eyes and have a sample of both those carbonated drinks; you most likely wouldn’t be able to tell which drink is what. With that being said, we can agree that Pepsi is there rivalry existing competitor right now, and that the competition is relatively
As the camera zoom smoothly creeps in from the establishing wide we are exposed to a changing palette of noises from the surrounding environme...
Coca Cola has been the most famous worldwide known drink that has ever been manifested in the current century. It has claimed to have changed the life of people on how we associate our entertainment and activities with this carbonated drink. Coca Cola attempted to try a different ingredient of sugar which would change the original formula and ultimately, it would change its taste. While most people sure didn’t realize how much value coke truly was to them, it only took a quick market change to have the population realize how significant it was to them.
History of Coca-Cola started in 1886 when the interest of an Atlanta drug specialist, Dr. John S. Pemberton, drove him to make an unmistakable tasting soda that could be sold at pop wellsprings. He made an enhanced syrup, took it to his neighbourhood drug store, where it was blended with carbonated water and regarded "amazing" by the individuals who tested it. Dr. Pemberton's accomplice and accountant, Straightforward M. Robinson, is credited with naming the drink "Coca‑Cola" and in addition planning the trademarked, particular script, still utilized today.
Till now Pepsi’s brand strategies, marketing strategies and promotional strategies have been changed so many times. During the period from 1903 to 2014 Pepsi have faced numerous challenges from different soft drinking companies especially from its rival Coca-Cola Company. Pepsi have developed and remanufactured their brand in different times to beat Coca cola. Soft drinking beverage company not only face their generic competitors but also face different complementary drinking companies such as Tea, Coffee and mineral water.
Invented in 1886 by Dr. John S. Pemberton, Coca Cola has become known for its recognizable brands and distinctive taste. Coca Cola Enterprises falls under the beverage industry and reaches consumers in over 200 countries, having the world’s largest beverage distribution system. In today’s market, the number of daily sold Coca Cola beverages averages 1.9 billion. Its mission is to “refresh the world, inspire moments of optimism and happiness and create value and make a difference” (Coca Cola website). Its vision serves as a framework to guide all aspects of the business to continuously achieve sustainable quality growth. Coca Cola’s recognizable brands and distinctive taste has created one of the world’s largest beverage systems that focus on its mission and vision to continuously sustain quality growth.
and can be found on the surface, about one eighth of an inch in depth.
The principal benefit is the desire to quench the thirst of all their patrons. The point of parity in the brands is the fact that both beverages are famous among the people, under the beverage group and always up-to-date with their customer’s requirement. The point of difference lies on the image each brand reflects on the customers. Pepsi have continuously been similar in their “fun and young” dispositions, the two establishments have steadily remained on separate courses throughout the decades. For the most part, Pepsi has stuck with its elevated energy, music and comedy-driven strategy. Pepsi is the cool fashionable brand which is undoubtedly associated with the youth and the celebrity; whereas, Coca-Cola is more of an emotional brand. Coca-Cola advertisements portray a human experience in two fundamental ways. Firstly, awhile before global branding was the movement it is nowadays, Coca-Cola was incorporating diversity, as obviously viewed in its long-running “I’d like to buy the world a Coke” sequence of commercials, depicting persons from around the globe joining simultaneously in Coke and song. (Johnson, J.,
... as Coke Company with 1,700 bottlers distributing coke. Coke later acquired Minute maid and later on went public with $101 per share (Coca-Cola, 2012). Pepsi on the other hand expanded its operations to Moscow and also launched their first ad campaign which was focusing on the youths. The stage for war that is experienced today was set in early 1960’s when Pepsi Cola merged with a company called Frito Ray to form Pepsi Co. Coke company acted on this by sponsoring an animated special aired on television and also launched the slogan of “it’s a real thing” while on the other hand Pepsi started operating in Japan and Part of Europe and officially launched the slogan of “You have got lot to live, Pepsi have Got lot to Give.” The cola wars were heated in later in the year 1975 with the introduction of Pepsi challenge famously known as the blind taste test (Russell, 2012).