Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of lymphoma, carcinomas and sarcomas in dogs. It is increasingly being used in ‘metronomic’ chemotherapy protocols.[1] Cyclophosphamide is a prodrug that requires oxidation in the liver to form the active metabolites which are in turn are converted to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein.[2] Phosphoramide mustard causes DNA damage and acrolein has inflammatory effects. Like many chemotherapy agents, cyclophosphamide may cause myelosuppression, gastrointestinal upset and alopecia; however, unlike most chemotherapy agents, it also carries the risk of sterile haemorrhagic cystitis (SHC). This leads to haemorrhage and fibrosis of the bladder epithelium.[3, 4] The mechanism with which cyclophosphamide induces SHC is unknown. Though acrolein is thought to play a role in cyclophosphamide-associated SHC, cyclophosphamide has also been shown to initiate an early wave of apoptosis when caspase-3/7 is cleaved by caspase-1.[5] This apoptosis occurs in the urothelium and the damage caused may induce SHC. SHC is characterised by lower urinary tract signs of haematuria, stranguria and pollakiuria in the absence of urinary tract infection (UTI).[6] It has been shown to develop during long-term metronomic …show more content…
There is good evidence which supports the ability of furosemide and MESNA in preventing cyclophosphamide-induced SHC.[15] Currently, the recognised standard of practice for administration of cyclophosphamide is to give a single oral or IV dose of cyclophosphamide with concurrent furosemide treatment.[1,
The concept of tumor heterogeneity being related to the course of the disease and clinical outcome in cancer patients draws additional attention in the era of personalized medicine (1). Current cancer treatment strategies are based on the site of origin of the primary tumor. However, it was shown that tumors developed from distinct cell types differ in their prognosis and response to cytotoxic therapies (2...
Risperdal Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic used to alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is defined by its effects in altering perception, thoughts, or consciousness called hallucinations or delusions. It affects about 1% of the population, with about 2 million people affected in the United States. About 50% of those affected become severely and permanently disabled and dependent upon public assistance. Schizophrenics make up about 10% of the totally disabled population and as much as 14% of the homeless.
SUMMARIZE: The article focuses on studies related to anesthesia which were conducted on dogs by researchers. Topics discussed include Arthur Guedel anesthetizing a dog using tracheal tube and cocaine crystals numbing cornea. It also goes on to talk about the numbing of Nazi dogs by Jews using cocaine. Also the use of curare by a surgeon named Mario Jascalevich which resulted in a neuronal cell death. Numerous stories on chemicals tested on animals, preferably dogs and facts were presented. (78
...nd is the most likely candidate for increased ROS observed with doxorubicin administration. Through these mechanisms, doxorubicin works well in slowing the progression of cancer. However, side effects of this drug limit the total dosage a patient can receive.
The kidneys can be permanently damaged if you continuously take the drug over a long period of time. You can get all kinds of cancers such as heart, liver , kidney. 40 % increase !!There are no nutrient supplements known to protect against kidney damage, but some amino acids such as Taurine powder and lots of Vitamin E might help.
I hope I have helped you understand how canines get this disease and what your treatment options are. Also, the importance of keeping your pet on prevention.
Cancer in one way or another touches all of us, whether as a patient or through the diagnosis of the people you love around you. Millions of patients who are faced with cancer are depending on oncologists everywhere to cure cancer so others will not suffer like they had to. Optimistically, sooner rather than later this international problem will come to an end. There are a number of drug companies that have been coming out with cancer treatment drugs. “Oncology has been one of the hottest and most active therapeutic areas for drug development, drug makers may want to take note of a finding that new cancer drugs have proven far more difficult to gain approval than medicines for infectious and autoimmune diseases.” (nature.com) Unfortunately, these drugs cannot cure the cancer but it sure makes it a load easier o...
One of the most common infections that occur in the urinary system is UTIs or Urinary Tract Infection. A UTI is when bacteria gets into the urinary system, either externally or from the digestive tract, and causes pain and irritation in the urinary tract (Friedl, n.d.). UTIs are typically treated with antibiotics. A common disease of the urinary system is incontinence, which is when you lose some or all of your bladder control (Friedl, n.d.). This can also cause retention problems, which is when you have trouble releasing urine from the bladder (Friedl, n.d.). Incontinence can be treated with medication and exercise that can help to retrain the muscle around the bladder and urethra area (Friedl, n.d.). Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as painful bladder syndrome (BPS), is a type of chronic bladder condition that is primarily found in women (Zimmermann, 2016). IC can cause bladder pressure and pain, bladder scarring, and can cause less elasticity in the bladder (Zimmermann, 2016). Another form of inflammation in the urinary system is Prostatitis, the swelling of the prostate gland. Prostatitis is significant in that it only occurs in men and is often caused by advanced age (Zimmermann, 2016). It is generally cured by antibiotics. Kidney stones are an extremely painful condition that occurs in the urinary system when chemicals in the urine become
Almost everyone is touched by cancer in some way and the number of people living with and beyond cancer grows greater every year. Globally 14 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year and 8 million people will die from it annually. Half of all men and one-third of all women will develop cancer during their lifetime. (13) There are many treatments for cancer, mainly: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These traditional treatments have many negative side effects. Therefore, increasingly, other treatments, such as hormonal therapy and targeted therapy are being used for certain cancers. Nanotechnology is a form of targeted therapy that destroys cancer tumors with minimal damage to healthy tissues and organs. Scientists are already using nanotechnology in early detection of elimination of cancer cells before they form tumors. But the real game changer will be when nanotechnology targets cancer tumors in treatment (11,13).
16. Dodman N, Miczek K, Knowles K, Thalhammer J, Shuster L. Phenobarbital-responsive episodic dyscontrol (rage) in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:1580–1583.
As we discussed above that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics can be seen as two sides of the same coin in order to gain better understanding of their efficacy and safety profiles.” Generally it is possible to make fairly robust predictions of the pharmacokinetic profile in man using in vitro systems and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. A previously published survey on the causes of failure in drug development indicated that inappropriate pharmacokinetics were a major cause such as; factors as low bioavailability due to high extraction or poor absorption characteristics, short elimination half-life leading to short duration of action and excessive variability due to genetic or environmental factors. This observation has led to an increased emphasis on pharmacokinetic input to the drug discovery process throughout the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is important to realise that this may only permit the rejection of compounds to b...
My article is based on the harmful effects of Trichloroethylene. My discussion is extrapolated from the article Mechanisms of Toxicant-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. The article closely examines how the functions of the kidney are usually impaired by this toxin. This due to the injurious effects it has on the kidney. Trichloroethylene together with its metabolites, are toxic to the kidneys since they trigger development of tumours in the kidneys which leads to the development of kidney Cancer (Kacew & Lee 2013). Studies have been conducted on animals as well as on human beings on the effect
While chemotherapy is beneficial at curing or helping a disease such as cancer, it can has a negative effect on a person’s body too.
25 April 2014. Muller, F. Toxicological Sciences. 2014. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. 24 April 2014. National Cancer Institute.