Cryptography – Cryptography or Cryptology comes from the Greek words kryptós meaning "hidden, secret” and graphein, "writing", So cryptography is the study/practice of hidden writing, or coding messages in order to send messages between two parties without a third party being able to read the messages. Cryptography is a process invented thousands of years ago, but was tedious to use as messaged had to be drafted, encoded, transported, decoded before reaching its intend recipient. It wasn’t until the early 20th century when mechanical devices cable of complex mathematical calculations were designed to automate the encoding and decoding of messages in such complex ways that it would be near impossible to decode by hand. An example of this …show more content…
A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender, such that the sender cannot deny having sent the message.
First described as a notion by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman they developed a scheme that laid the ground work for a practical solution.
Which was soon conceived through a RSA algorithm developed Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman creating a proof of concept. Leading quickly to many future iterations, continuously increasing in complexity and security
Digital signatures are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions, and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering.
A digital signature scheme typically consists of three
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E.g. A lawyer is being sent a will and last testament from a dying client, by comparing the digital signature hash and message hash the lawyer can confirm that the will/last testament was sent by his client and could not have been tampered with during transmission, by a disgruntled family member.
Non-Repudiation- Any entity that has signed the information being sent cannot at a later date deny sending it. This way a user cannot deny sending information and still say that his private key is still secure.
Digital signatures vs Ink Signatures –
Ink signatures can be easily forged, by copying the image manually or digitally and then applying it to another document.
Digital signatures are cyphers bound to their private and public keys and are therefore uncopiable, as well as digital signatures can be attached to an entire document instead of at the back or on the dotted lines. In addition to indicating if there has been any
Kutcher claims, “We haven’t lost romance in the digital age, but we may be neglecting it, in doing so, acquainted art forms are taking on new importance. The power of a handwritten letter is greater than ever. It’s personal and deliberate and means more than e-mail or text ever will. ’’(96)Handwriting is different and unique for each individual. You can look at the letter and judge how much effort a person put into writing it.
The "X" has a long history dating back to the days of the peasants and of America's Negro slaves. When faced with a legal document requiring a signature those who were unable to read or write were asked to leave their mark, customarily an X thus showing their consent. During the American Revolution and the Civil War slaves were recruited for battle and many were asked to leave their mark signing up for war. The X has become the customary signature for those who were uneducated in writing skills, and unable to sign their name. This practice is still in effect today. In 1870 20 percent of white Americans and 80 percent of black Americans were illiterate. Miraculously enough in the past 130 years those figures have drastically changed. We can proudly say that these figures are less than 2 percent for both demographics combined.
In recent years, as digital media are achievement wider popularity, their security related issues are suitable superior concern. Digital watermark was first discovering in 1992 by Andrew Tirkel and Charles Osborne. Watermark is derived from the german term “Wessmark. The first watermarks devolved in Italy during the 13th century, but their use apace spread across Europe. Watermarking can be measured as special techniques of steganography where one message is embedded in another and the two messages are related to each other. Digital watermarking is similar to watermarking technique which allows an individual to add exclusive rights notices or other verification messages to digital media. Image authentication’s one of the applications of digital watermarking, which is used for authenticating the digital images. A digital watermark is a kind of marker covertly embedded in a noise-tolerant image such as audio or image data. It is typically used to identify ownership of the copyright of such image. "Watermarking" is the process of hiding digital information in an image the hidden information should but does not need to contain a relation to the image. The security and enforcement of academic property rights for digital media has become an important issue [2].
Read and delivery receipts – if a read receipt is added then this can be very useful particularly if the email is something that needs acting upon fairly quickly. A delivery receipt is an effective way of confirming the delivery of the email and is useful when sending to outside companies as sometimes email addresses change i.e. if someone leaves a company. An undeliverable message is then sent back to your email address.
In July 2015, many of the world’s high ranking cryptographers published that the loss and destruction induced by adopting a key escrow system 20 years ago would be even more serious, that would be very hard to identify security weaknesses that could be misused by
You need to sign for a house, car, and checks. If you don't sign in cursive it is very easy to copy your signature. Cursive is used for writing letter and signing for houses, checks, and cars. Cursive takes to long to learning everything about it and you only need house it to sign for check's cars, and a
Elliptic curves as algebraic/geometric entities have been studied extensively for the past 150 years, and from these studies has emerged a rich and deep theory. Elliptic curve systems as applied to cryptography were first proposed in 1985 independently by Neal Koblitz from the University of Washington, and Victor Miller, who was then at IBM, Yorktown Heights.[1]
It would be pretty sad if are country could not even sign their name. A Lot of people still think that script is still a useful tool. Also script is proved to be more neat and legible to read
Mark I. It was actually a electromechanical calculation. It is said that this was the first potentially computers. In 1951 Remington Rand’s came out with the UNIVAC it began
In about 200 BC the Greek Eratosthenes devised an algorithm for calculating primes called the Sieve of Eratosthenes.
Physical evidence is any physical object that contains reliable information that supports a hypothesis about the incident. Digital evidence is physical or electronic information (such as a written or electronic documentation, computer log files, data, reports, physical hardware, software, disk images, objects and so on) are collected during the investigation conducted computer. Evidence includes, but is not limited to, computer files (such as log files or generated reports) and human-generated files (such as spreadsheets, documents, or eail
...tal part of lives just like privacy. Using cryptology provides mechanisms through a digital signature. This signature is inserted using a key (that only the writer of the email possesses) whilst a timestamp binds itself to the document. This type of cryptography is used to control access of security installations or pay-per-view television channels.
To increase the use of digital wallet, it is required to educate consumers about the benefits of a digital wallet in simplifying and streamlining their purchasing experience.
Approximately four thousand years ago in Menet Khufu, a small village in Ancient Egyptian, the beginnings of an essential component to cryptology was founded, the modification of text. In a tomb of a local noblesman, Khnumhotep II, hieroglyphic inscriptions were written with unusual symbols in order to confuse and obscure the meaning of the inscriptions being written. It is said that a nobleman’s tomb’s decorations often “break” with the norms of a typical Egyptian tomb (www.cs.dartmouth.edu). Khnumhotep’s tomb is an example of this “breaking from the norm”, which could signify his importance during his lifetime. The next example of cryptology surfacing in ancient times is about 400 years later in Ancient Mesopotamia.
Digital Evidence is electronic data, materials, objects, property, documents, or records that are presented in court to prove or disprove allegations made against an arrestee. It takes the form of electronic data or information stored in bits and bytes on magnetic media. The examples of devices that can contain digital evidence include; cellular phones or similar all in one devices, pagers, digital voice recorders.