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Nature of African religion
Implications of African culture on Christianity
Nature of African religion
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A Critique Abstract A Biography of the Continent Africa, written by John Reader is an extensive chronological and topical study of Africa. Support reveals the earliest corroboration of the existence of human antecedents was discovered in east Africa at locations scattered north and south of the equator. The discovery shows fossilized bones, stone tools, and the most significant of all, a trail of footprints in the preserved mud pan surface. The trail shows they walked across the pan more than three million years ago toward what is now called the Serengeti plains. “These human ancestors made their living from and among the animals with whom they shared the landscape. They were neither diminutive, large nor numerous- who existed nowhere else on earth for over four millions years. The modern human species, Homo sapiens, with large brain and a talent for innovation, evolved from ancestral stock towards the end of that period.” (p.1) Africa, also know as the “dark continent” encompasses the second biggest landmass but it has only twenty-two percent of the earth’s land surface. (The United States could fit within the Sahara desert alone). About a 100,000 years ago family groups left the continent for the first time and progressively colonized the rest of the world hence “ the cradle of civilization” term for Africa. The Reader states that it was estimated that “about 1 million people inhabited African when the emigrants left the continent 100,000 years ago…and by A.D. 200 numbers are said to have risen to 20 million- of whom more than half lived in North Africa and the Nile valley.” (p.5) Book Organization Overall composition The book contains eight parts, which have several chapters each that outline the history of Africa from the first knowledge of the continent to the “Dreams and Nightmares” (p.663) along with a large number of references, notes, appendixes, preface, and prologue. The book is a fine documented copulation of fact and information that any Reader from the novice of the general public to the serious history student would find as a great tool for their enlightenment and study. (Part 1) Starts with the known beginning history of the continent as well as the first recognized history of humankind. Africa is the Earth’s most ancient and perm... ... middle of paper ... ...around the world. Representative countries The regions, of the continent have been uniformly represented by the text. There is however, missing information on a few of today’s countries in the book, this might be the result of the Copyright or the change in the status and control of these countries, as a consequence of internal struggling for power and Sovereignty. To date there are thirty- three different countries including the Canary Island within the continent. Conclusion Africa is continent with few rivals in size or in a history as ancient as the beginning of the World, it would be very difficult indeed to cover every detail and aspect. The text of the book is a marvelous and thought-stimulating piece of work. A cornucopia of information, rich in diversity, evolution, and triumphs for the environment of a continent and the legacies of her people. The renewed interest for conservation of land and animals within the interior of Africa shall leave for the world and future generations a magnificent place to live and visit. Like the Alaskan wilderness of North America it is truly “God’s country”.
The key concepts that are needed to understand the material in this article are the American Revolution and the relationship between the north and the south in the American Revolution. During his article, he provides some sentences summarized to explain, which helps me to understand some of the materials. Even though he gives me a simple brief, it’s not enough to explain other historical events that are mentioned in this article. I had to look some people and events. In order to understand the material of the article, I’m expected to have the knowledge of political events, relationships, parties, and people. I needed to know about, for instance, what Constitutional Convention was and who Charles Pinckney was, and what he did in order to understand what the author wanted to say.
Clearly then, one can see the necessity to read/see more then one perspective on historical events is crucial. One cannot rely on one description alone because the information may or may not be the complete truth. The author may leave out, embellish, or be uninformed of certain details, which leaves the reader at a disadvantage is he/ reads only one passage.
The L stands for listen. As a health care practitioner it is the foundation of effective care for health care providers to be able to listen and understand the patient’s perception of their chief complaint. Additional questions may be required to elicit a complete answer from the patient such as what do you believe is causing your problem? How do you think your illness has impacted your life? And, what do you feel is the most beneficial for you at this time? The aim of all these questions is to provide the physician with a comprehensive understanding of the patient’s perspective of their disease.
As it stands in the scientific community, there is currently a debate between two factions of anthropologists, and two theories, regarding the evolution of modern humans or Homo sapiens: The Regional Continuity Theory and the Replacement (or “Out-of-Africa”) Theory. In this paper, I will attempt to define both theories, evaluate the evidence and merits of both, and then draw a personal conclusion as to which theory I find the most plausible and likely to be correct out of the two.
Over time, there has been growing gap between criminal policy and criminology (Garland & Sparks, 2000). Despite the criminal knowledge and expertise academic criminologist possess, their advancement or role towards creating crime policy has not been immense (Garland & Sparks, 2000). While various governments have introduced mandatory minimum and more lengthy sentences for offenders, there has been a lack of strategic criminological advice and knowledge when developing these policies (Garland & Sparks, 2000). This lack of criminological influence when creating and imp...
Elisabeth Gaynor, Ellis, and Anthony Esler. "The First Global Age: Europe, the Americas and Africa ." In World history connections to today. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2003.
In summary, Davidson successful traces Africa’s earliest origins and demonstrates that this is a civilization far from having no arts, technology, sophistication and unique culture. Culture and civilization as we know it today can be traced back to Africa, and modern science has verified the early perceptions of Europeans to be wrong. He provides more than adequate evidence of Africa having a history complete with vast and rich civilization, including archaeological finds and specialized interviews with distinguished scholars and philosophers. Despite the fact that society possesses a more positive attitude towards African civilization today in terms of recognition, equality, and acceptance than in the past, negative stereotypes are still acknowledged and modern day racism unfortunately exists. I believe that the existence of Davidson’s work and videos such as Different but Equal are crucial to challenging these stereotypes and discrimination in order to create a more accurate image of Africa and its history. Overall, Davidson proves that the continent of Africa is home to a history that is just as meaningful, comprehensive, and progressive as that of any other civilization in the
Although divergent in their analysis, approach and recommendations there is an overarching narrative that is shared by some criminological scholars. Put simply, the discipline of criminology broadly, and the work of criminologists, have been unsuccessful in enacting changes to criminal justice policy (Robinson, 2003, 234; Currie, 2007, 175; Mopas & Moore, 2012, 183). When considering the consensus that surrounds the pitfalls of criminology and criminologists, it seems natural to question the usefulness and the legitimacy of turning to this discipline and practice as a means of accomplishing change in criminal justice policy. However, the same scholars that deliver this challenge to criminology do not share in this query. Rather, some researchers
The three concepts, the sign, signifier and signified are profound concepts according to Hall. A sign is a basic concept of meaning, its anything that asserts meaning and it could be an object or abstract. We are free to perceive and interpret signs that represent what we are accustomed to so meaning can be conveyed. (Hall; 1997;5) “Signs stand for or represent our concepts, ideas and feelings…” Here we begin to understand how Hall stresses on the significance of signs as a form of communication. People who share culture or carry the same conceptual maps are likely to fall into the same discourses and can both use certain signs to evaluate the world’s problems similarly as opposed to an individual who would interpret the sign differently because of a different background. As time progresses, people become more socially, politically and historically aware and interpretation of certain signs may progress into another
Criminology is a very broad and complex speciality, which can be easily involved in various areas, it can simply say that this area of study has been studied for over a thousand years since Plato and Aristotle had demonstrated how to define the standard of crime and punishment (Criminology: Intellectual History, 2017: no page number). Despite their theories had been justified after a few centuries. To say it another way, Newburn noted that criminology is a study of wrongdoing, how are the criminals be trailed or judged and find out who will normally be breaking the law (Newburn, 2017: 6). It is also a branch of sociology. To figure out why people commit crime are the core issue in criminology. Many scholars have developed several theories to explain why people would like to take the risk. And in this essay, it will mainly focus on studies of people to break the law and commit a crime, why people are encouraged to commit a crime, and how should offenders be punished to prevent crime.
Throughout history, humans have asked many questions in regards to our own beginnings. Religion and science have examined what makes us who we are, and have tried to answer the enduring question of our own modern origins. Scientifically, theories are still debated as to when, where, and how modern Homo sapiens came to be what they are today. There are two major theories that now dominate the discussions of experts in the field of biological anthropology: the “Out-of-Africa” model and the “Multiregional” model of evolution. Stringer and Andrews argue that genetic and paleontological evidence supports a more recent Out-of-Africa model as opposed to a more drawn out Multiregional method that also incorporates gene flow (1263). In contrast, Wolpoff, Hawks, and Caspari claim that the Multiregional model is misunderstood, and clearing up discrepancies could bolster support for this theory instead (129). Pearson notes that while people like Wolpoff et al defend the Multiregional model, archaeological evidence seems to show that likely no intermixture between modern Homo sapiens and other archaic hominins happened during the spread of early Homo sapiens out of Africa (145). It is easy to see that the debate lingers onwards with an end not clearly in sight. This paper will further examine the arguments asserted by these authors and identify their core arguments, the data they use to support their arguments and determine which paper is the most convincing of the three.
I believe this covenant shows God’s faithfulness to his people even when we aren 't faithful to Him. God promises to bless his people even if they disobey because he has made his promise and is faithful.
The theory was first brought to the public’s attention when Edwin Sutherland argued if crime was “historical” or “situational” (Preaux, 2015). Sutherland is often called the “father of American criminology” due to his research with criminology. To the offender situational crime prevention makes crimes require more effort, more risk and it reduces the reward the offender gets (Preaux, 2015). The way it works is by either preventing opportunities for the person to commit the crime or by changing the offender’s thoughts about committing the crime.
There is no doubt that European colonialism has left a grave impact on Africa. Many of Africa’s current and recent issues can trace their roots back to the poor decisions made during the European colonial era. Some good has resulted however, like modern medicine, education, and infrastructure. Africa’s history and culture have also been transformed. It will take many years for the scars left by colonization to fade, but some things may never truly disappear. The fate of the continent may be unclear, but its past provides us with information on why the present is the way it is.
Criminology is the study of crime in general and the study of criminals.It focuses on the effects of crime on people and the society and helps criminologists and other agencies to identify what made an individual commit a crime and also how to prevent criminal behaviour within our communities.