Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) was first discovered in 1977, subsequent to outbreaks in Newmarket, United Kingdom and Ireland affecting Thoroughbred populations (Timoney, 2011). Following these outbreaks of CEM, a ban on the importation of horses into the United States from the UK, Ireland and France was put into effect (Schulman et al., 2013). Despite implementation of strict requirements concerning the import of breeding horses from countries known or suspected to be affected by CEM, the first United States outbreak was reported within a year of the discovery of the disease (Timoney, 2011). According to Timoney (2011), the U.S. outbreak in 1978 affected Thoroughbred horses in Kentucky and the source of the outbreak was determined to be two stallions imported from France. The 1978 outbreak of CEM in Kentucky resulted in a total economic loss of 13.55 million, with about 1 million dollars lost for every day mares were not successfully bred and movement restrictions were in place (Timoney, 2011). Not long after its discovery, CEM became one of the most internationally recognized diseases in the equine industry (Timoney, 2011). Contagious Equine Metritis has been reported in 29 countries, including Japan, Australia, and countries in Europe, North America and South America (Timoney, 2011). Additionally, Schulman et al. (2013) state that there have been 146 confirmed cases of CEM in 12 countries between the years 2000 and 2012, most of which were related to non-Thoroughbred horses and artificial breeding populations. Recent outbreaks of CEM have occurred in the U.S. in 2008-09, South Africa in 2011, and the UK in 2012 (Schulman et al., 2013). Incidences of the disease are reported mainly in Europe, but the exact distribution is ha... ... middle of paper ... ...h apparently did not prevent transmission of T. equigenitalis (Erdman et al., 2011). With the exception of one, all other stallions were infected with T. equigenitalis indirectly via handling or contaminated fomites at breeding or collection facilities (Erdman et al., 2011). According to Erdman et al. (2011), this outbreak saw the largest number of horses that tested positive for the disease since the first outbreak in 1978. The source of the outbreak was most likely determined to be a stallion imported from Denmark in 2000 that had not been detected positive for T. equigenitalis neither upon pre-import testing in the country of origin nor quarantine testing in the United States (Erdman et al., 2011). The importation of this stallion in the United States subsequently led to subsequent transmission of infection between the years 2004 and 2009 (Erdman et al., 2011).
This extremely pathogenic zoonotic virus is now understood to travel from bat species, to equine intermediate hosts, to humans.[8, 10] The Hendra virus is listed as a Bio-Safety Level (BSL)-4, and can only be studied at a few adequately equipped laboratories worldwide due to its virulence.[1, 2] Case fatality rates
Brosnahan MM, Paradis MR. Assessment of clinical characteristics, management practices, and activities of geriatric horses. JAVMA 2003; 223(1): 99-103
F tularensis as a bacterium has a large array of sources from which it can be transmitted. As mentioned these include water, mud and decaying animal carcasses(Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, 2013). Additional sources include small mammals such as; rabbits, hares, muskrats and other such creatures(##). Small mammals such as
...and the administration of GnRH. Although at the present point time the administration of these treatments, is not economically sustainable due to added time and cost factors it has been seen through long term studies that the use of these vaccines in the regulation of the reproductive cycles, of mares and stallions can provide a more sustainable and ethical method of control that reduces overall population of brumbies and herd sizes.
The condition known as Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) gains its name from the similarities it shares with a widely known disease in humans: Metabolic Syndrome or better known as Type II Diabetes. The condition was suggested in 2002 by Johnson of the University of Missouri Veterinary Medicine College. He proposed insulin resistance, obesity of the neck, tail head and sheath/mammary gland area, and an increased predisposition to laminitis were symptoms of a clinical syndrome in horses and ponies....
“Plague Fact Sheet.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. .
Equine-assisted therapy, also known as equine therapy or equestrian therapy, is a type of animal-assisted therapy intended to teach, counsel, and/or rehabilitate people with disabilities. This type of experiential therapy includes activities such as: grooming and caring for, haltering and leading, tacking up, and riding horses. Each of those activities foster interactions between the rider or patient, and horse, building a bond between the human and horse. In a typical equestrian therapy setting, usually a dedicated therapeutic barn, a mental health professional and/or an “equine therapist can observe and interact with the patient in order to identify behavior patterns and process thoughts and emotions” (“What Is Equine Therapy?”). In some
Thoroughbred horse racing is a worldwide sport and industry involving the racing of Thoroughbred horses. It is governed by different national bodies. There are two forms of the sport: flat racing and jump racing. So the study the clinical, hematological and biochemical biomarkers are most useful information that make the race horse such a super athlete and good managed. This study was carried out on twenty one thoroughbred race horses in order to evaluate physical performance and recovery time through measuring the clinical parameters (Heart rate, Respiratory rate, Body temperature and capillary refilling time), hematological (RBCs, PCV, Hb, total and Differential leucocytic count) and biochemical biomarkers ( TP, Albumin, AST, ALT, CK, LDH,
Equine veterinarians are animal doctors who provide medical care for horses. They examine, test and occasionally operate on or euthanize the animals. Travel to ranches and farms is often necessary, and equine vets have to work outdoors in various types of weather conditions. Being an equine veterinarian is a pleasant career choice because of great interactions with varied types of horses and their owners , the basic information, and the pros and cons of an equine veterinarian.
cattle. Between the years 1992 and 1995, a major BSE outbreak occurred in Great Britain, which caused
Have you ever lost an animal who was close to you, like a cat or dog, for a couple hours or even days? Now imagine losing part of your livestock, which would cost you a bunch of money if you lost them for a while, like a horse, cow, or even a goat, and how hard it would be to see where they are. There are ways to determine where they are at all times and know if they have any diseases that can potentially harm other animals or humans. Well, I certainly did not know that until I found out that you can put a microchip in your equine. That’s crazy, right? Actually, it isn’t as crazy as you may think. I am going to tell you about one specific method of determining where your equine is and if they are infected with any diseases. Also, I am going to tell you the basic information about the microchip, procedure of implanting the microchip, the side effects, and the pros and cons of doing so.
is spread to humans by fleas from infected rodents. In the 1300s, fourth of the population
Exotic animals carry diseases and infections that can be potentially harmful or fatal to humans, jeopardizing the safety of the community. These diseases range in severity from common ringworm infections from African pygmy hedgehogs to lyssaviruses in p...
Equine-Assisted therapy so far has shown commendable results. “Equestrian Therapy” acknowledges that “it is a fairly new technique for autism and other disorders that has been providing promising results such that many are consistently utilize therapy animals in their treatment programs and only for autism but also for people with Asperger’s syndrome. Equine therapy for special needs is an animal-assisted therapy that helps children with a wide variety of disabilities. This type of therapy makes use of riding horses as an effective way of providing physical and emotional therapy as well as psychological benefits” (“Equestrian Therapy”). Equine Therapy helps develop the motor skills of a child while they learn to ride a horse. The calming
Considering that a large population can help to foster infectious diseases, and humans share almost 300 communicable agents with animals, the outbreak of epidemics is inextricably intertwined with revolutions in both agriculture and industry.... ... middle of paper ... ... Vol. 1, No. 2. 2 (1999).