Economic implication of congestion Congestion is a condition of traffic delay due to the number of vehicles trying to use the road exceeds the traffic network capacity to handle them. Congestion is a major problem growing in many towns like Windhoek. In general congestion delays travel to reach their destination on time as planned. One can be thinking of implementing congestion charging to reduce to reduce this issue. There are many various economic implications of congestion as follow: Congestion causes loss of productivity Business exists in towns where many people live, for them to sell or buy products and make profits. Many businesses find it hard to deliver their inputs or products for the production on time due to congestion. They will fail to reach their wholesaler and customers at the time of the products’ demand. Weisbrod, Vary and Treys (2001) stated that traffic congestion imposes cost to businesses beyond the mere vehicle and driver costs of delay, including potential effects on inventory costs, logistics costs, reliability cost, just in time processing cost and reduction in market areas for workers, customers and incoming or outgoing deliveries. Therefore businesses may try to respond to the issue of congestion in many ways, they may decide to move away from such a particular town, or shut down the business and some may move to smaller market areas where they have little access to labours, suppliers and consumers. Unemployment When production costs increases due to congestion, this force firms to increase their products prices. When prices increase this lead to inflation, therefore worker demands for high salaries. This issue forces some firms to reduce their employees, because they will no longer able to pay h... ... middle of paper ... ...stion, experts will not reach out there on time, or at all to explain the usage of modern machinery for example. For example, lecturers will come late to classes or won’t attend lessons because of traffic congestion, so education level will remain undistributed within the nation. For innovation, the government or the road department controller would love to renovate the transport network, but there will not get a chance, or otherwise transport system will close first. So, cracks road and borehole will be seen, and railway blockage, freight traps. Congestion is not good at all, although it does exists in some towns. This issue raised because of smaller roads, and higher volume of transport modes. It is very important to address the issue of future congestion in Namibia. Congestion charge might be the solution, but it has effects also.
Q1. Congestions on the roads are a problem for traffic management. What policies will you advocate for reducing congestion on streets and highways? Are congestion charges or building a toll road /bridge a better strategy for addressing this issue? Also, how would you address equity issues in the light of congestion charges implementations? Ch 14
The city of Virginia recently put a tax on the Elizabeth River Tunnel. The tunnel connects Norfolk and Portsmouth and didn’t develop tolls until February 2014 (Kelly 2014). This new toll forces residents, commuters, and visitors to pay a tax starting from one dollar to four dollars. The recent tunnel tolls added to the mid-town and downtown tunnels in Hampton roads are causing commuters and citizens to make some drastic lifestyle changes. Students and employees are considering changes to their employment and the universities they attend to save time and money as a result of the cost of commuting. If the average toll is two dollars a day, then people are spending about 60 dollars a month. What was once a relatively easy trip for many has become costly in both time and money. Because the addition of the tolls have divided the population into those who agree, and those who disagree; the media has played a large role in promoting the argument against the addition of the tolls. The 60 dollars people spend every month can go towards more than a toll; especially if a person is having very hard times. The tunnel tolls have caus...
Various aspects of traffic congestion in Toronto have been analyzed in detail. It is clear that Toronto is facing a serious problem of traffic congestion since it is the most congested city in North America. Traffic congestion in Toronto costs over $ 2 billion annually and it is caused by a variety of factors. These factors are categorized into non-recurring and recurring factors. However, the paper focused on recurring factors which contribute to the largest proportion of traffic congestion in Canada. These include increased automobile use, poor planning and lapse in implementation of laws which govern traffic systems. This leads to the use of many private cars by employees who commute to work as opposed to use of public transport systems resulting in congestion. Traffic congestion in Toronto has various adverse effects including barriers to emergency services, delays, idle time and opportunity costs as well as pollution.
For example, she argues guys view pretty girls as sexual objects instead of human beings. However, while men might not view unattractive females as sexual objects, they still do not treat them humanly. In fact, many guys ignore ugly girls and treat them as invisible. Ting also states that her, “lack of physically hotness makes it easier…to form an emotional connection.” Contrarily, according to studies done by psychologist Paul Dobransky, “In the first five minutes of meeting someone, it’s generally physical beauty that attracts men… It’s not about personality...”(Brennan). Although Ting believes guys treat unattractive girls better than attractive girls, facts state
As much as women want to believe that the profile of the man they are looking at is true, unfortunatel...
Also, as the population increases, the city expenses increase. The roads are not in very
Finding ways to move goods from one point to another at a reasonable cost and within an acceptable time frame is a growing challenge for global businesses today. The costs and risks associated with transportation are increasing with the advent of globalization and low-cost-country sourcing. Even for companies with local operations only, they have to supply their products to various parts of a country which increases the costs and risks. Since the cost of gasoline has been on an upward trend, high level of efficiency in transportation is required to lower the costs involved and the risks associated with the costs. Costs concepts in transportation include economic, social and accounting costs. The risks and costs involved increases if the various modes of transport are used. There has been concern over many businesses failure to strategically think when they employ multimodal transportation services. Many businesses prefer the least expensive multimodal model instead of choosing the most effective; this trade-off is very expensive with hidden costs and risks increasing significantly (Molenaar, Anderson, Schexnayder, National Research Council (U.S.)., National Cooperative Highway Research Program., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials., & United States, 2010).
Since the time we were children, we were told not to “judge a book by its cover.”however , there are some instance where this is not taking in consider . The book Bridging the Gap, has an article called, “The Important Of Being Beautiful”, Sidney katz stated that studies show that attractive people have advantages in life that unattractive people do not have. attractive people tend to earn higher salaries and/or more successful. people deemed to be less attractive and / or unattractive tend to earn less than average salaries. also studies further confirm that attractiveness is important even in careers where looks are not the determinant.
Attractiveness and femininity are socially constructed concepts which includes having specific traits. The Chinese perception of beauty is heavily infused in the Hong Kong society, which entails having big eyes and fair skin. In order to convey an impression that is in my interest, and to avoid stigmatization, calculating manners are used to fit into the narrow perception of beauty. For example, I put makeup on my face every day before leaving for school. I use BB Cream which evens out my skin tone and to create a fairer and whiter look, additionally, I use mascara and eyeliner to create the impression that my eyes are big. Therefore, the use of makeup has enabled me to better fit into the ideal perception of beauty, which can in turn create the halo
Traffic jam is one of the most serious problems of urbanization, almost all the modern cities are facing different levels of traffic jam problems. In general, people can ease the traffic jam and not compromise the quality of life by a policy of sustainable development in two aspects including formulating a more efficient transport pattern and changing the urban construction.
Most people take the urban public transportation system for granted. It is used in every aspect of our daily lives: work, education, medical necessities, recreation, etc. It is also important for the transportation of goods and services, which aids the growth and maintenance of our economy. Urban public transportation is the critical component of our quality of life and economic stability. The MBTA, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, is Boston and Eastern Massachusetts’s major transportation service. The MBTA has played a central role in the development of Boston and surrounding cities and towns for more than a century; providing service from 175 cities and towns into Boston. On an average weekday over 1.2 million trips are made on the subway, buses, commuter lines and other services in the mass transit system. With an international airport, a ship port, the highways, and the rail lines to connect regional cities and towns to national and international destinations and markets, Boston’s urban public transportation system has made the region’s growing role in the global economy possible.
The development of every nation hinges on the effectiveness of their transportation systems. Movement of goods, services and people to and from locations is made possible by transportation systems. The importance of effective transportation systems cannot be over-emphasized. Many countries face transportation problems and my country Ghana is no exception. A trip of about 30 minutes usually takes about an hour or more due to traffic jams. This is seriously impacting productivity and has become a topical issue in the country. The situation is the same in Uganda where I currently work. To this end, Transportation Engineers are needed to design roads/ highways that will stand the test of time, plan effective traffic management systems to reduce
Car pollutants cause immediate and long-term effects on the environment. Car exhausts emit a wide range of gases and solid matter, causing global warming, acid rain, and harming the environment and human health. Engine noise and fuel spills also cause pollution. Cars, trucks and other forms of transportation are the single largest contributor to air pollution in the United States, but car owners can reduce their vehicle's effects on the environment. Car pollution is one of the major causes of global warming. Cars and trucks emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which contribute one-fifth of the United States' total global warming pollution. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which causes worldwide temperatures to rise.
Contemporary Event: Traffic &. Economies thrive on the ability to adapt to mobility. Mobility allows people to go to work, attend school and travel far and wide by using some form of transportation. It allows people and ideas to mix more freely. Over time, mobility has taken many forms, from the backs of animals, to carriages and now the automobile.
This paper aims at providing more information concerning the different modes of transport, their characteristics and also the comparison of these modes with one another in an effort to establish the best mode of transport for specific commodities. The paper also takes into consideration the various factors affecting the transport sector; such as cost of transportation, flexibility, time factor and reliability. Transport refers to the process that enables physical movement of goods and people from on area to another. Transport is very important in the sense that it ensures availability of raw materials to manufactures, producers and also to construction sites (Clifford Winston,?2010). It makes sure that goods are available