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Contributions to maslow's hierarchy of needs
Literary analysis over the symbolism in othello
Maslow hierarchy of needs jpg
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Recommended: Contributions to maslow's hierarchy of needs
Needs are like a pyramid: if a layer is missing, the rest can not be build over it. Specific needs must be alleviated in order for the next level to be sought. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology stating that people have a motivation to meet certain needs and some needs take eminence to others. To reach the following level, each level must be met . Freud, on the other hand, created a theory on personality. Every person has an id, the primordial instinct to want something right away, a superego, the self-critical conscience that reasons based on morals and social standards, and the ego, the middle ground that constantly balances the desires of the id and superego. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is more applicable
He needs the support of Desdemona to worry about status and achievement. Maslow’s hierarchy is coming into play here, showing how just one of these hierarchical levels can tear apart a grown man. Conversely, some may argue Freud’s id plays a greater role in Othello’s state of mind because the id is overpowering the superego, driving out morals and reality. As Othello says, “To furnish me with some swift means of death / For the fair devil” (III.iii.484-5). He believes killing is the only answer, going against morals he has been brought up with. But, Othello is lacking his safety needs as well. Thus his desire to kill is a result of a lack of security. Desdemona give Othello stability and security; he goes into a sanctuary when he is with her. So, without meeting this particular need, Othello is trying to gain it back through the murder of Desdemona. He feels this will give him his safety back. The lack of belongingness and love needs triggers jealousy, a major
Iago explains his motivation for hating Othello, trying to convince Roderigo to get Othello in trouble: “Three great ones of the city / (In personal suit to make me his lieutenant) … ‘I have already chosen my officer…One Michael Cassio’ [says Othello]” (I.i.9-10, 18, 20). Othello has, instead of choosing Iago who has a plethora of military experience (and who believe himself to be the most worthy person for the position), but an arithmetician with no experience in battle. This causes Iago much more than chagrin. Iago lacks esteem needs here, not getting the status he wants. He takes this to a personal level because Othello refused the requests of high ups for someone else. Nonetheless, some people may say ego defence mechanisms play a more important role in Iago's life because he justifies all the wrongs he plans to do with a defence mechanism called rationalization. Rationalization is the concurring of wrongs by giving self-serving reasons. Nevertheless, Iago feels a lack of security of his job and cares for nothing else at that moment but getting what he believes should be back. This is just like being sick: one does not care about anything but getting well. Contributing to the theme of revenge, Iago’s needs overpower any sense of right and wrong, considering only what he wants,
To better understand Iago’s effect on these different characters, it is important to look in to his own character. Iago’s motives are not clear, however, it is true that he despises Othello, and that he is jealous of the fact that Michael Cassio had taken over the role of lieutenant; a role that Iago wanted very badly. It is in the beginning of the play that Iago confesses to follow Othello but not be loyal to him,
Iago, the antagonist of Shakespeare’s work, Othello, is often considered purely evil or sociopathic. At first glance, Iago appears to be a static, two-dimensional villain, but he is much more. Shakespeare, renown for his awareness of the human condition, leaves many important aspects of Iago’s life up to interpretation. In published works and critical interpretations, Iago is commonly attached to a myriad of mental illnesses and personality disorders. Because it seems that Iago’s life revolves around Othello and Desdemona, it is understandable how people may suggest that Iago is in love with Othello, or that he is a psychopath with no true motives. Shakespeare never discloses much about Iago’s past, raising the questions:
Iago is the main antagonists against Othello, throughout the entire play. Iago is not realistically motivated. Even though Iago makes many of his decisions with careful thought, he does have a main flaw that will come back to haunt him in the end. Iago unlike other characters, doesn’t have true honorable morals. Because of this, he makes many situations which are manageable, and takes them further out of proportion he does this for his own pure enjoyment to create havoc for sport. Iago manipulates the characters who trust too easily, such are Roderigo and Othello. Iago uses them as an addition to his plans, which he manages so they will work in his favor in the end, or so he believes they will.
In Shakespeare’s Othello, Iago is the antagonist and villain who causes all the trouble and disorder. Othello is the protagonist, and is the main person Iago’s destruction and revenge is aimed towards. Othello is naïve and gives everybody his trust even though he may not know them or they haven’t earned his trust yet. He often refers to Iago has “Honest” Iago, which is a direct showing of irony because Iago is not honest at all (Shakespeare, I, iii. 289). Iago is so angry that Othello didn’t give him the promotion that was given to Cassio that he plans to seek revenge against Othello. He seeks his revenge against Othello by manipulating and lying to all of the people around him including his closest friend Roderigo, Cassio, Othello’s wife Desdemona and even his own wife Emilia. In the end, Iago’s lies and manipulation led to the deaths of Roderigo, Emilia, Othello and Desdemona. This isn’t the first time many of these individual characteristics have shown up in one of Shakespeare’s plays.
Interestingly, as Othello is preparing to kill Desdemona, he still believes that he is using reason to make his decisions. He says, “It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul./ Let me not name it to you, you chaste stars,/ It is the cause” (V.ii.1-3). While he does not speak his reason, he is confident that he has one good enough for which to kill. This continues into an emotional set of lines about how much he is dreading preforming the necessary deed. It is not until the last set of Othello’s lines that he admits to being a fool overcome with
The basic motivation of Iago is hate. Wounded pride, a feeling of personal injustice, and jealous suspicion merge into his passion of hate for Othello. From the beginning of the play, this motive is predicated as the basic action which follows. Rodergio says to Iago: “Thou told’st me thou didst hold him in thy hate” ( ) Iago answers: “Despise me, if I do not.”() "Till I am even 'd with him, wife for wife, Or failing so, yet that I put the Moor At least into a jealousy so strong That judgment [reason] cannot cure" ( ). In the same
Have you ever met a devil who does evil for his own sake? Iago in William Shakespeare's Othello could seem like he has good motives, but I feel that he uses them as his excuses. The first thing that I did was uncovered Iago's motives. Iago is the most controversial character in Othello. He is able to keep his true thoughts and motives from everyone. Are his motives only excuses for his actions? Iago pretends to have so many motives that they seem more like excuses. Iago then uses these excuses to justify his actions, which are pure evil. I also feel that Iago has motives and actions that cause his actions. Does Iago have many different excuses, or does he only have one? This paper will prove that Iago has one clear motive and reason for his madness. Iago is not looking for justification that causes him to act the way he does. There is much more though to Iago. He is not a man of only excuses, he has goals with his motives, which causes him to act the way he does.
Iago is a man wronged by Othello in the fact that he was not chosen to be Othello’s lieutenant, which is what put the dastardly idea into Iago’s head to trick them all and bring them to their knees. As Iago tells Roderigo within the first act and scene of “Othello”, Despise me if I do not. Three great ones of the city,/ In personal suit to make me his lieutenant,... ... middle of paper ... ... n the end of the play.
Iago is the main drive for almost everything in the story. There are times where it does not even seem that Othello is the main character in the story. Iago’s role in the story is to destroy Othello and he does a very good job of convincing the reader that he despises Othello. His monologues go repetitively about how terrible of a man Othello is. The reason why Iago is furious at Othello is that it is rumored that he slept with his wife. Everybody has felt that sting of betrayal and jealousy, but there are some people that do not think before they act and are so bent on making sure people get what they deserve or wanting bad things to happen to the people that have hurt them. These individuals get lost and that is what Iago is an example of that personal event. His monologues range from utterly despicable to some of the most well thought out plans that no one would have ever thought of. The great thing about Iago is he is not a standard villain. Most villains are dumb and always fail in their plans. Iago is completely different from the generic villain; he is smart and plans his moves
Iago has been excellent at saying the what is needed to get to people, he misleads them to get a reaction he wants out of them. He is clever with his words to avoid confrontation that can easily happen. “Othello 's confusion is the human experience of language. In other words, language itself, not the outside world, determines meaning” (Christofides 2). Iago uses his words against Othello to get him to do Iago’s doings. Iago has an eloquence with
Othello wondered if Desdemona really loved him, or if she was just using him to rebel against her father. With Iago constantly putting these ideas in his head, Othello was convinced to kill his wife. Cassio was known to be a good soldier, and is proud of that public perception.
In William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello, Iago demonstrates a mastery of manipulation over people who had previously trusted and confided in him. His sudden turn from Othello’s loyal ensign to rage-filled villain seems indicative of a man who can no longer accept his position in life. Iago’s plotting of Othello’s demise starts as idle talk of a disgruntled 28 year-old career military man passed over for promotion. Iago believes that such a promotion may never come after Othello rejects his candidacy and makes it clear that he did not believe him suitable. He sees Othello is only concerned with personal and political gain with his choice of Cassio as lieutenant. When Iago teams with love-scorned and desperate Roderigo, he begins to construct Othello’s downfall. Iago is declaring an all-out covert war on Othello, Cassio, and anyone else who gets in his way. In Iago’s first speech in Act I Scene II, he proclaims hatred for Othello and lays out his plan for seeking vengeance. “After some time, to abuse Othello’s ears that he is too familiar with his wife (Shakespeare 1473).”
He says: "I love the gentle Desdemona", and this suffices to explain his feelings. It is obvious that Othello is a much 'deeper', more sensitive man than Iago. Another contrast is that Iago's motivation is himself and his self-interest. Iago desires success and gain for himself and no other. It appears that his major grudge against Othello is that he promoted "a fellow almost damn'd in a fair wife" (that is, Cassio) above himself.
Horribly stuff’d with epithets of war./ ’ I have already chosen my officer/ And what was he?/ Forsooth, a great arithmetician” (1.1.11-19). Iago says this to Roderigo in order to show his ridicule and hate towards Othello’s decision to promote Cassio, implying that he felt Cassio did not deserve the promotion but he did. Based on his sense of justice, Iago felt that because of Othello’s unwise and ridiculous decision to promote Cassio, Othello deserves to be ruined and punished.
What is perhaps the leading cause for the downfall of the characters in the play is Iago’s hypocritical nature that comes with an undeniable desire for fame, and receiving attention from others. To begin with, the audience can develop the idea that Iago greatly appreciates all the compliments that others give to him. Noteworthy evidence includes when Cassio “humbly [thanks Iago] for’t, [never knowing] a Florentine more kind and honest (3.1.27-28), as well as when Othello states that he knows [Iago is] full of love and honesty (3.3.118). The significance behind Othello, Iago, and what others thought about Iago’s qualities that he possesses all share one thing in common – the characters share their feelings for Iago whenever he ensures that he would help find solutions to their problems, such as Roderigo’s fondness for Desdemona, bringing back Cassio’s position as lieutenant, and helping out Othello by ending the alleged relationship between Desdemona and Cassio; this evidence demonstrates how Iago would do whatsoever only for people to praise him and to create a positive reputation of himself so it would be easier for him to hide his felonious schemes from others. Similarly, in order