1. Introduction
The aim of this report was to discuss how the climate change and urbanisation processes affected the design and management of wastewater systems in one of the countries of choice. In this report as an example China was used to describe the influence of urbanisation and climate change on design and management of wastewater systems.
Rapidly growing human population is expected to exceed nine billion people by 2050. Urban areas in developing countries are affected by rapid growth of population and poor infrastructure development. Already half of the human population live in cities where the infrastructure is not developed enough to sustain wastewater production. As the population increases so the production of waste water. In addition, climate changes affect the weather patterns, which directly influence a hydrological cycle. As a result one area suffers from rain fall shortage and others from more intense rainfalls.
2. China
In recent decades, China’s population has rapidly grown which caused rapid economic growth and increased the rate of urbanisation. At present china has one of the fastest urban population growth rate in the world.(UNDP 2013) All this happened along with proceeding environmental destruction and serious water pollution. The growing population of China has a high water demand as well as a lack of sufficient wastewater infrastructure. Those factors result in poor water quality and severe water shortages. In 2002 the rate of municipal wastewater treatment in China was 39.9 percent. (U.S Department of commerce 2005)
Figure 1 Urbanisation and the urban population in China (CEIC 2012) “Macroeconimic Database for emerging and development markets. (source:www.stats.gov.ch)
Water resources and water c...
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Benefit/cost analysis
Environmental Impact
Legal mandates
7. Develop implementation plans, including timeframe for implementation
8. Monitor and reassess
Source: ( Rosenzweig et al. 2007 ).
Figure 6 Conceptual model of a sustainable water resource system (source Hecht et al.2012)
5. Conclusion
High rates of urbanisation and climate change in China has created many problems related to water resources. An increase in the population and a high urbanisation rate have effected and increased wastewater production. The Chinese water market is already under a huge amount of stress. The quality and quantity of water resources have been depleted due to the inefficient use of water. In terms of wastewater management China requires a long term strategy with sustainable solutions which will take into account climate change and the rate of urbanisation.
China economy has been falling for many years. Part of this downfall is lack of clean water. You know this, but know one in this world can’t live without water ,so that means water is very important. Climate change, Industrialization, and Government policy all contribute to the chinese water crisis. Of these, the biggest driver is the government policy. The government in China has a strict policy that does not allow the people to have water because China is not using enough money for their water.
China’s water supply is running out faster than it can be replaced. Water is being polluted by the environment, wasted because of the law, and a lot of water is being used due to it's growing industry. What is driving China’s water scarcity crisis? China's water scarcity crisis is mainly caused by the government mispricing water, industrialization, and urbanization.
“Over the last three decades, China has experienced breakneck growth, changing from a poor, agricultural country to one of the leading industrial powers of the 21st century. Yet water scarcity has the potential to undermine China’s transformation.”, BGE DBQ Online 2017. Water is a very important natural resource that the United States thankfully has access to everyday. In China, however, the economy is being plagued with an extreme growing crisis of water scarcity which has major complications on daily life. Three major factors that impact and make the situation in China worse is the growth in water pollution(document E), global warming and its effect on the water supply(document A), and lastly the way water is used throughout China( Document
In conclusion, this work has evaluated several solutions of the water shortage in China: water usage efficiency improvement, adopting the local agencies on controlling water resources and reasonable water pricing. It has been revealed that all of proposed solutions might be effective, but they should be properly applied and, probably, their combining can contribute to the combating the water scarcity in China. However, some of other solutions should have been evaluated, such as water recycling, and this work might become a base for further studies.
Due to industrial waste ,domestic wastes and agriculture wastes entering into water source, Chinese government reporting that nearly 60 percent of China’s groundwater is polluted. It also leads the decrease in water quality. A large amount of water cannot be used and thus foster the water scarcity problem in China.
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
China has approximately 20% of the world’s population, which is around 1.3 billion people (Morris, 2009, p. 111). Also, China has become one of the worlds biggest manufacturing countries within 30 years (Fawssett, 2009, p. 27). However, such rapid development has come at a cost, which has created various environmental problems. Coincidentally, China has 16 cities on a list of the 20 worst polluted cities in the world (Fawssett, 2009, p. 15). Therefore, this essay will explain the reasons for China’s environmental problems, then evaluate the claim that the Chinese government and people, are tackling these environmental problems. First, crop farming techniques over the last hundred years, and their consequences will be explained. Followed by, how peoples choice in food has changed over the last hundred years, and how this indirectly affects the environment. Then, how a capitalist economy is linked to agriculture, and finally what the Chinese government and people are doing to tackle these problems.
A general situation of urbanization trend in developing countries and developed countries is increasing. In 18th Century only 3% of the world total population lived in urban areas but as projected in 2000 this number will increase at above 50% (UN as cited in Elliot, 1999, p. 144). According to UN (as cited in Elliot, 1999, p.144), it is figured that the total urban population in developing countries has increased from approximately 400 millions people in 1950 to approximately 2000 millions people in 2000. At the same time, total urban population in developed countries is double...
Water treatment is considered to be a relevant action to ensure environmental sustainability. With an increase in water pollutants, water treatment plants are forced to develop additional processes in order to adequately purify the polluted water. In a report for the Chesapeake Bay Watershed it was stated that the presence of non-point source pollutants caused “a 35% increase” in cost for the wastewater treatment plant (Rees 2014). As well, a study in
Developing our national economy, especially industry, requires a great amount of natural resources, such as land, water, oil, coal, gas and iron. However, the natural resources are limited and decline very quickly when a large population exploits them everyday. Take fresh water as an example, in 1990, 58% of Chinese cities (http://www.cass.net.cn/y_sjr/y_cn_sjr_334.htm) suffered from the insufficiency of water. It not only brings great disadvantages to people's daily life, but also has a passive influence on the economic development. Released by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the economic loss caused by the insufficiency of water is 250 billion RMB per year, including 230 billion lost industrial output and 20 billion agricultural losses.
Latzko, Laura. "The Effects of Population Growth in China." EHow. Demand Media, 29 May 2009. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.
There will growth of water born diseases increasing health hazards and degradation of environment and ecosystems. This affects the natural environment system leading to exaction of some species. And the due contamination of water can also lower the production of agriculture products and other economy activities will decrease. If there will more water bodies pollution it also has negative effects on its environment there decline of economy of the country. Since more of the country budget have invest on the health sectors. The country major users of water are agriculture, intensification hydropower and industrialization. Urbanization is another significant challenge. Rural-urban migration increases pressure on urban infrastructure and services and cause environmental problems which will lead to water pollution.
WANG, J., DA, L., SONG, K. & LI, B.-L. 2008. Temporal variations of surface water quality in urban, suburban and rural areas during rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China. Environmental Pollution, 152, 387-393.
The problem of water scarcity has increasingly spread throughout the world as of yet, The UN reports that within the next half- century up to 7 billion people in 60 countries which is more than the whole present population will face water scarcity (Sawin “Water Scarcity could Overwhelm the Next Generation”). As well the demand for freshwater has tripled over the past 50 years, and is continuing to rise as a result of population growth and economic development. 70% of this demand derives from agriculture which shows the influence of water on food supply globally as well not just drinking water (Sawin “Water Scarcity could overwhelm the Next Generation”). But increasing water use is not just a matter of the greater number of people needing it to drink and eat; it also comes from pollution and misuse of water supplies, by either dumping or runoff of bacteria or chemicals into water. This also “causes other pollutions as well such as soil and air pollution, accelerating wetland damage and human caused global warming” (Smith and Thomassey 25). According to UN report, recent estimates suggest that climate change will account for about 20 percent of the increase in global water scarcity in coming decades.
Many of these in later years shall need to be addressed as tension rises: Saving and consumption of water Improving drinking water supply Increasing access to clean water supply Decreasing tension between war-ing nation over resources With the population expected to rise 40-50% within the next 50 years, the demand for water in Agricultural needs and Environmental needs will rise as well, creating a more desperate water crisis. Developed countries struggle with managing water consumption. Our high demand in agriculture, industry, and domestic use further complicates this issue. With increasing urbanization and extravagant changes in lifestyle, our use and wasting of water will only increase.