Psychology Assignment: Classical Conditioning
In this assignment classical conditioning and its key principles will be discussed. Also how classical conditioning can explain why a child cries when they see a nurse and the concept of anticipatory nausea in adults will be covered in this assignment. Classical conditioning is described as a learning process first discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). At the start of the twentieth century Pavlov was awarded a Nobel Prize in medicine for his work in the physiology of digestion. This research, by which he used dogs as experimental subjects, set the stage for observing the phenomenon now known as classical conditioning. Classical conditioning occurs through associations between
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It is described as learning by associating two events which often occur together; it involves changes in reflex responses over which we have little or no conscious control over (Payne, Smith and Jarrett 2007) these responses or behaviours can stay ingrained with us for the rest of our lives once we learn them.
Classical conditioning involves forming an association between two stimuli resulting in a learned response. There are three basic phases of this process they are: before conditioning, during conditioning and then finally after conditioning. The first part of the before conditioning process requires a naturally occurring stimulus that will automatically incur a response. Secretion of saliva in the mouth in response to the smell of food is a good example of a naturally occurring stimulus. In this phase of the processes, the unconditioned stimulus (USC) results in an unconditioned response (UCR). The unconditioned stimulus for example is the response due to the smell of food; the unconditioned response is the response due to the unconditioned stimulus which is maybe the feeling
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Anticipatory nausea is feelings of nausea elicited by stimuli associated with nausea-induced chemotherapy treatments. Patients experience nausea after treatments buts also before and in anticipation of their treatment. Researchers believe that conditioned anticipatory nausea occurs through classical conditioning (Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian 2013). Many patients experience anticipatory nausea due to sights, smells, sounds, and maybe even tastes related to their chemotherapy experience therefore bringing back memories and causing severe nausea. These triggers are the neutral stimuli which could be anything related to their treatment such as the smell of their treatment room in the hospital, the sight of their doctor or nurse, or even the taste of the food or drink they may have taken during their chemotherapy. Even when they are finished their chemotherapy treatments they may still experience this nausea for months or even for years all due to this learned response believed to be caused by classical
After many conditioning trials, each rat was tested with each of the two CSs taken separately. In one trial the rats were given access to tasty water, salty flavored water with out the audiovisual CS. In another trial, the rats were given access to "bright noisy water" as stated by Garcia and Koelling: unflavored drinking water that had the audiovisual CS present. If there is an aversion to the stimulus of the foot-shock of the nausea-producing drug then the rats will have become conditioned to the CS. Both UCSs produced an aversion a particular CS; the foot-shock produced a strong aversion to the audiovisu...
When Antonio was seven years old, he had a very bad flu and was hospitalized. He was able to recover without complications, but he noticed that whenever he drove by the hospital he was treated at that he would start to feel sick to his stomach.Unconditioned stimulus in Antonio's case was initially the hospital. The unconditioned response to being at the hospital was he didn't feel well. Then the Hospital became the conditioned response by making Antonio feel sick when he had to visit or drive by the hospital. It is because he associated the hospital (CS) with feeling ill. The hospital where he was treated for the sickness is the conditioned stimulus (CS), causing him to remember what occurred and inducing his stomach to hurt (CR) which is an conditioned response. This is an example of classical
Classical conditioning refers to a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimuli took on the ability to stimulate a conditioned response in an individual (Gormezano & Moore, 1966). To prove that environment was more impactful than genetics, Watson conducted an experiment on an infant, little Albert. Initially, Albert showed little fear towards rats. When Watson repeatedly exposed Albert to the rat accompanied by a loud noise, the latter began to develop fear towards not just the rat but also other furry animals. Watson successfully showed that the acquisition of a phobia can be explained by classical conditioning (Watson & Watson, 1921). Regardless of their genes, the associations of the right stimuli can result in the development of a new behaviour in any individual.
Classical Conditioning was a phenomenon that a man named Ivan Pavlov explored in the twentieth-century. His work laid the foundation for many other psychologists such as John Watson. Pavlov’s idea came when he seized on an incidental observation. He noticed putting food in a dogs mouth caused salvation. However, the dog not only salivated to the food it began to also salivate to mere sight of the food, or the food dish. He began experimenting; first he slid the food presented the food by sliding the food bowl and blowing meat powder into the dogs mouth at the same exact moment. They paired it with a neutral stimuli event the dog could see but did not associate it with food (Myers, 2014, p.256). Food in the mouth automatically, unconditionally triggers the salivary reflex. Pavlov called drooling the unconditioned response and the food the unconditioned stimulus. Salvation in response to a tone is learned, it is conditioned upon the dogs associating the tone with the food it is called conditioned response (Myers, 2014, p.256). The stimulus that used to be neutral is the conditioned stimulus. I found it interesting and relating to everyday life because my dog often does the same. We keep his food in the garage so opening the garage door would be the conditioned stimulus. As soon as the garage door opens my dog begins to salivate which is the conditioned response. Whereas,
Therefore, a human or animal will forget about the old stimulus and become attached to the new stimulus. The terms: Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Neutral Stimulus, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response are key when explaining the process of Classical Conditioning. A Unconditioned Stimulus is when a stimulus will lead to a natural response without any training needed. A Unconditioned Response is a natural and automatic response brought up by the Unconditioned Stimulus. A Neutral Stimulus is when something elicits no response at first. For example, a specific object will have no meaning before the experiment but once the experiment is undergo, the object will take on a different role than before. A Conditioned Stimulus is a stimulus that at first had no meaning, but when associated with the Unconditioned Stimulus it will eventually generate a Conditioned Response. A Conditioned Response will cause a natural and automatic response towards the Neutral Stimulus because the person was trained to react that
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
Learning in its most basic form is our minds associating one thing with another. Digging deeper reveals that there are trends in how human beings and animals learn by association, usually this is done by a brain connecting one event to another. The two different ways a brain tends to learn is through either classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning to associate one stimulus with another stimulus, and Operant Conditioning is learning by associating a response or behavior with a consequence. Knowing how people and animals learn is an important piece of knowledge if one is to help benefit the greater good.
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov in the early 1900’s while making an attempt to better understand digestion accidently stumble on what we now know as classical conditioning (Ormrod, 2012, p. 34). Using dogs, a bell and meat powder, Pavlov discovered when a stimulus that give a unconditioned
Pavlov’s theory is known has classical conditioning ‘He is remembered for the salivating dogs which illustrates very usefully the central behaviourist idea that behaviour can be predicted, measured and controlled, and that learning a matter of stimulus and response (Wallace 2007:97).’
The strength of classical conditioning is that it can help to explain all aspects of human behavior. Any of behavior can broke down into stimulus-response association, so that according to the classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus will lead conditioned response to occur, then the scientist can observe and determine the behavior (McLeod, 2014). In the case of Pavlovian conditioning, he found that when the conditioned stimulus (bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) was presented to the dog, it would start to salivate. After a number of repeated this procedures, Pavlov tried to ring his bell by its own...
What is Watson’s Classical Conditioning? Classical Conditioning was found by Dr. Ivan Pavlov. Watson’s research was influenced by Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory. Watson made a research on children’s emotions using the Classical Conditioning model. According to Watson, love, fear, and anger are the three kinds of emotions inherited by humans (Hall 1988). He believed these emotions could be learned through conditioning. He formed his hypothesis and carried out an experiment. John B. Watson’s classical condition experiment was on a child named Little Albert. This experiment was while a child was playing with a rabbit, smashing two bars to make a loud noise behind the child’s head. After hearing the loud noise the child became terrified of the rabbit (Hall 1988).
Classical conditioning is a technique of learning that occurs when an unconditional stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus. The unconditional stimulus is biologically potent, the conditional stimulus is neutral (Kalat, 2011). Example of each is taste of food and sound of tuning fork respectively. After repeated pairing, the organism exhibits a conditional response to the conditional stimulus. The conditional response is similar to the unconditioned response though it is relatively impermanent and is acquired through experience (Kalat, 2011).
Pavlov’s classical conditioning is a learning process in which a substantial stimulus is connected with a common one; therefore, the significance of the common stimuli is heightened (Berger, 2011, 40). There are two necessary parts of classical conditioning which pertain to the first core concept of the nature-nurture development. The first deals with biology. Pavlov...
This essay will first explore what classical conditioning is by using Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiment with dogs to explain how it works. It will then go on to describe how classical conditioning led to more research by Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner in the study of instrumental behaviour (Gleitman et al. 2011). It will also mention briefly what similarities can be found between operant and classical conditioning before explaining in detail what operant conditioning is (Skinner’s experiment with the operant
Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, which is when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (McLeod, 2007). Pavlov began