Clandestine labs pose a great risk, to the individuals producing these toxic concoctions they don’t realize how dangerous and volatile these chemical are. These chemicals cause three main types of harm. (1) physical injury from explosions, fires, chemical burns, and toxic fumes. (2) environmental hazards and (3) endangerment of the surrounding area/child endangerment. () The most popular drug produced by clandestine laboratories is methamphetamines. Methampheramines are made from cold medicines, herbal pills and nutritional supplements. This done by boiling pills in hydroiodic acid and red phosphorus, red phosphorus comes from match pads. Iodine is also used and is obtained from pet stores. These products are combined and brought to a boiling temperature then filtered out the final product is converted to methamphetamine. Once the production cycle is complete the byproduct is disposed of in a in proper manner resulting in a chemical and thermal burn hazard for law enforcement, clean up personnel, and future residents. There are three main cooking methods in the production of methamphetamines. (1) The phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) method, the red phosphorous (red P) method, and the Nazi dope (lithium or sodium reduction). The P2P method is less common today because of strict regulations of phenyl acetic acid. Most of the methamphetamine makers use the other two methods in which pseudoepedrine and ephedrine is the main precursor chemical. These two are found in cold medicines and match heads. Ecstasy is a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen. Ecstasy produces rapid heart beat, high blood pressure, faintness, muscle cramping, panic attacks, seizures, naus... ... middle of paper ... ...ony. New York City, New York, March 5,2000. 4. United Sates Department of State. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report. Washington, DC: Bureau for International Narcotics Matters, 1999. 5. United States Department of Justice. Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). Washington, DC: Drug Enforcement Administration, March 2000. 6. United States Department of Justice. Methamphetamine. Washington, DC: Drug Enforcement Administration, March 2000. 7. The Lycaeum. Amphetamines: Syntheses. http://lycaeum.org/drugs/. 8. “Professor Buzz”. Recreational Drugs. Port Townsend, Washington, USA: Loompanics Unlimited, 1989. 9. United States Department of Justice. Diversion Control. Washington, DC: Drug Enforcement Administration, March 2000. 10. “Uncle Fester”. Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture, 5th Edition. Port Townsend, Washington, USA: Loompanics Unlimited, 1999.
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The phenomenon of Methamphetamine use and distribution is rising in our country. With this growing problem, the state of Kentucky is right at the top of the list. Manufacturing alone has more than tripled over the past four years, in the state of Kentucky. Given the rural areas and large vacant buildings, Kentucky has quickly become a breeding ground for Methamphetamine. A necessary additive for production anhydrous ammonia is available at many farm stores in the state. This phenomenon is largely costing the tax payers, as well as, putting our future generation in jeopardy. Given statistical data on the increased use and manufacturing, a definite problem is noted.
Credibility material: Its intake results in adverse medical conditions that are further exalted by its addiction properties that ensure a continued intake of the substance. The drug can be abused through multiple means and is medically recorded to produce short-term joy, energy , and other effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure. This ultimately results in numerous psychiatric and social problems; factors that played a major role in its illegalization after multiple and widespread cases of its effects were reported in the country during the 1900s. In addition to this, the drug results in immediate euphoric effect, a property which the National Institute of Drug Abuse (2010) attributes to be the root cause for its increased po...
limestone chips, I will use 3g all the time and use 2 moles of acid.
Use glassware as directed by your instructor. Place a test tube placed inside a beaker with ice water to collect the product from the apparatus. Obtain the 10mL round bottom flask from the apparatus. Obtain two graduated cylinders of 10mL. On one graduated cylinder measure 4mL (85% H3PO4) of Phosphoric Acid and pour into the 10mL round bottom flask. On the other graduated cylinder measure 3mL of Cyclohexanol and pour into the flask as well. With a pipet add 5 drops of Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) into the flask. Attach the round bottom flask to the distillation apparatus. Place thermometer with rubber stopper on the apparatus to obtain the temperature Start with the water flow through the condenser. Turn on and heat the reaction until the product starts to distill. Distill and collect until thermometer temperature rises to 85˚C. Once there is no more product to collect obtain the test tube of product. Two layers should be formed, top layer of cyclohexane and bottom layer with water. Obtain a pipette and remove the bottom layer (water) if any. Add 10% (5mL) of Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to nuclearize any acid in the solution. Mix well and remove once again the bottom layer of water with pipette. Add 5mL of water and mix well to wash the top layer. After the two layers form again, remove entirely the bottom layer of water and add a few pellets of Calcium Chloride. Obtain a 50mL or 100mL beaker and weigh.
Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric. Wine was used at least from the time of the early Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C.; and medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C. in China. But it was not until the nineteenth century that the active substances in drugs were extracted. There was a time in history when some of these newly discovered substances, such as morphine, laudanum, cocaine, were completely unregulated and prescribed freely by physicians for a wide variety of ailments.
Methamphetamine created in 1919 in Japan. It went into wide use for both sides during World War II and it was especially used by Japanese pilots before their flights. Once the war was over, leftover storage of Methamphetamine went public resulting in extremely high amounts of abuse with this drug. During the 1950’s this drug was used as a diet aid and was also used in the thought that it helped to fight depression. It was also over used by college students, truck drivers, and athletes because of its easy availability. This pattern increased remarkably in the 1960’s when this drug became more available in an injectable form. The United States Government in the 1970’s made Meth, for most uses, illegal which then resulted in Mexican drug trafficking organizations to set up large labs in California. Today most of this drug that is available comes from Thailand, Myanmar, and China. (History of Methamphetam...
Illicit drug use and the debate surrounding the various legal options available to the government in an effort to curtail it is nothing new to America. Since the enactment of the Harrison Narcotic Act in 1914 (Erowid) the public has struggled with how to effectively deal with this phenomena, from catching individual users to deciding what to do with those who are convicted (DEA). Complicating the issue further is the ever-expanding list of substances available for abuse. Some are concocted in basements or bathtubs by drug addicts themselves, some in the labs of multinational pharmaceutical companies, and still others are just old compounds waiting for society to discover them.
R.D.X. can be produced by the method given below. It is much easier to make in the home than all other high explosives, with the possible exception of ammonium nitrate. MATERIALS hexamine or methenamine 1000 ml beaker ice bath glass stirring rod thermometer funnel filter paper distilled water ammonium nitrate nitric acid (550 ml) blue litmus paper small ice bath 1) Place the beaker in the ice bath, (see page 15) and carefully pour 550 ml of concentrated nitric acid into the beaker. 2) When the acid has cooled to below 20°, add small amounts of the crushed fuel tablets to the beaker. The temperature will rise, and it must be kept below 30°, or dire consequences could result. Stir the mixture. 3) Drop the temperature below zero degrees celsius, either by adding more ice and salt to the old ice bath, or by creating a new ice bath. Continue stirring the mixture, keeping the temperature below zero for twenty minutes. 4) Pour the mixture into 1 liter of crushed ice. Shake and stir the mixture, and allow it to melt. Once it has melted, filter out the crystals, and dispose of the corrosive liquid. 5) Place the crystals into one half a liter of boiling distilled water. Filter the crystals, and test them with the blue litmus paper. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until the litmus paper remains blue. This will make the crystals more stable and safe. 6) Store the crystals wet until ready for use. Allow them to dry completely before using them.
Electrical hazards could include vegetation or equipment fires, electrical burns, or electrocutions to humans or animals. Electrical hazards could take place anywhere near energized conductors or facilities.
1 mol dm-3 of sulfuric acid and place a stopper to cover block the top. Mix the solutions around by shacking it to try to get the tablets to dissolve faster.
The first major type of hazard is physical. Physical hazards are present in most workplaces at some time and are the most common hazards. Physical hazards of the hazards associated with electrical shock, equipment or machinery, lighting and temperature in the workplace. According to Mullen, (2004) the physical hazards checklist is well suited for almost all inspection work, since the items contains generally affect working environments and apply to all types of work. According to Bahari & Ismail (1998, p.45) stated that “a machinery and equipment used in the workplace is considered dangerous if not designed well, not perfect and not properly maintained before use”. Furthermore there is equipment operated by unskilled workers and use it instead for work supposed to use. In addition, accidents can be caused by a physical hazard if workers are not ready or do not concentrate while using it in their work.
These fuels include coal, oil products such as gasoline, and natural gas. Use of these fuels has a number of harmful health and environmental effects. According to the World Health Organization, outdoor air pollution, most of it from burning fossil fuels, especially coal kills at least 800,000 people each year and causes health problems for tens of millions of others. Technology is available to reduce such air pollution, but using it is costly and results in higher fuel
This is done by heat or at lower temperatures using sedimentation processes of high purity chemical solvents.