Pain Recovery: Evaluation of CPCI
The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory (CPCI) is a well-respected and commonly used test in assessing pain. People with chronic pain, like my sister Eri who has Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), should have taken this test. Pain is a common symptom for people which range from a sore throat to CRPS, it is the persistent and chronic pain that requires additional attention for coping with pain. For those who suffer from long term pain, taking medication can have long term effects so coping skills are necessary for long term management. Although my sister has taken the test, I have wondered as to the validity and reliability of these tests.
A: Reasons behind choices
People who experience pain have a hard time recovering
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The CPCI is a sixty-four item measures usually self-report, however there is a shorter version with forty-two measures (CPCI-42) that can be used if needed (Jensen et al., 1995; Romano, Jensen, Turner, 2003). I did have some confusion as to the seventy items listed in for the CPCI by the two reviewers from the MMYB (2010), until I looked at the test myself. There are sixty-four items and the sixty-fifth is related to medication with five places to respond medication with one additional one for no medications taken (Jensen et al., 1995). There are nine scales in the CPCI. The CPCI scales takes approximately ten to fifteen minutes to complete (PAR, n.d.), fifteen minutes according to the MMYB (2010). Authors of the CPCI are: Mark P. Jensen, Judith A. Turner, Joan M. Romano, and Warren R. Nielson (2008). The first three authors of the CPCI and foundational study are well published: Mark Jensen with over four hundred articles, Judith Turner with over five hundred articles, Joan Romano with over sixty articles (Jensen et al., 1995, Jensen et al., 2008; NCBI,
Takeda, Taylor, Khan, Krum, & Underwood. (2012) states ‘(1) case management interventions (intense monitoring of patients following discharge often involving telephone follow up and home visits); (2) clinic interventions (follow up in a CHF clinic) and (3) multidisciplinary interventions (holistic approach bridging the gap between hospital admission and discharge home delivered by a team). The components, intensity and duration of the interventions varied, as did the ‘usual care’ comparator provided in different trials’. (P. 2).
Sellbom, M., Bagby, R. M., Kushner, S., Quilty, L. C., & Ayearst, L. E. (2012). Diagnostic construct validity of MMPI-2 restructured form (MMPI-2-RF) scale scores. Assessment,19(2), 176-186. doi:10.1177/1073191111428763
Chronic pain is a long term condition, which means it cannot be cured, but the symptoms may be controlled by therapies and medications (Saxon and Lillyman, 2011). When pain is considered chronic, it lasts longer than the expected healing period and there may not be a clear cause (Kraaimaat and Evers, 2003).
Butcher, James N. "Assessment in Clinical Psychology: A Perspective on the Past, Present Challenges, and Future Prospects." Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 13(3)(2006): 205-209.
The composite score is objective and calculated through a weighted formula designed to provide an equal contribution from each item while the severity rating is subjective and indicates the need for additional treatment in specific areas (Haraguchi et al., 2009). The SR ranges from 0 to 9 points and the CS ranges from 0 to 1 with anything higher than the normal 9 SR or 1 CS indicating greater problem severities (Haraguchi et al., 2009). Although some problems still exist, the ASI has been reported to have nearly achieved both reliability and validity (Haraguchi et al.,
According to the BDI-II test review, norming of the BDI-II is neither impressive nor extensive including a clinical sample of 500 outpatients in therapy as well as a conve...
Zwakhalen,S., Hamers,J., Abu-Saad.H., Berger,B 2006. Pain in elderly people with severe dementia: A systematic review of behavioural pain assessment tools.BMC Geriatrics. 6(3) .Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/6/3 [accessed 1 March 2014]
reminders about common misconceptions regarding null hypothesis significance testing. Quality Of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com
Restraint: The individual could use this response as an active strategy by waiting for “the right moment” to act or a passive strategy by not acting at all.
In the statistical analysis the following findings showed: the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.943 (CI 95%, 0.931-0.951); the Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.953 (CI 95%, 0.944-0.960); and the kappa statistic (0.863 0.72-0.934) (Glance, et al; 2010; pp729-731). It is important to note that underestimating the coding of comorbidities was understood and may have contributed to a bias toward the null hypotheses and maybe underestimate the
Validity and reliability: The assessment has an overall reliability coefficient of .93 based on test-retest reliability, making it an extremely reliable assessment (Fredricks, 2010). For it 's validity rate, the assessment has an overall validity of 93.9% (Fredricks, 2010). However, many argue that this reliability and validity be accepted with caution. The test-retest reliability is limited by the fact that it is only reported over a two-week period. In addition, the sample population with a high occurrence of substance abuse disorder, could attribute to it 's high validity rate (Fredricks, 2010).
Chronic Pain is described as a long lasting pain that people experience beyond a normal healing time (Hasenbring, Rusu & Turk, 2012). This time is usually up to three or six months prior to an incident (Hasenbring, Rusu & Turk, 2012). Chronic back pain can include common diagnosis of muscle spasms, back strain, or myofasical syndrome (Weiner & Nordin, 2010). There are three different types of chronic back pain; simple musculoskeletal back pain, spinal nerve root pain and serious spinal pathology (Jackson & Simpson, 2006). (Hasenbring, 2012)
The feeling of stress is inevitable to avoid and remove entirely from our lives. As we go through life and our stress levels rise, for various reasons, resulting in the feeling of worry, anxiety, insomnia, etc. We search for strategies to assist with decreasing the feeling of stress or to better help cope with it. Coping is defined as “managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life’s problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress” (p521). Individuals perform a wide range of different activities to help manage stress and decrease its effects such as working out at a gym regularly, attending routine social gatherings, and reading books. One stress reducer that our society often overlooks is nature and its benefits. There have been studies on forest bathing, which involves walking a forest trail or sitting on a boulder and observing nature with all five senses, that proves to minimize stress.
There are many ways to categorize illness and disease; one of the most common is chronic illness. Many chronic illnesses have been related to altered health maintenance hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are associated with diet and stress, deficient in exercise, tobacco use, and obesity (Craven 2009). Some researchers define the chronic illness as diseases which have long duration and generally slow development (WHO 2013); it usually takes 6 month or longer than 6 month, and often for the person's life. It has a sluggish onset and eras of reduction for vanishing the symptoms and exacerbation for reappear the symptoms. Some of chronic illness can be directly life-threatening. Others remain over time and need intensive management, such as diabetes, so chronic illness affects physical, emotional, logical, occupational, social, or spiritual functioning. Chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, all of these diseases are the cause of mortality in the world, representing 63% of all deaths. So a chronic illness can be stressful and may change the way a person l...
The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a 21-item scale that measures the severity of self-reported anxiety in adults and adolescents. The inventory was created by Aaron T. Beck and his colleague, Robert A. Steer, at the Center for Cognitive Therapy, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry. The most recent edition was published in 1993 by The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace & Company in San Antonio, TX. The first edition was published in 1988. The 1993 edition recommends different scoring guidelines than previous editions. There is only one form and one manual as part of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). To purchase the BAI in 2010, the manual and 25 scoring sheets would cost $110.00. This information is from the Pearson Assessments website.