Cholecystitis

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Cholecystitis /cholelithiasis

Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder. Cholecystitis can be acute or chronic.

Risk factors:

Risk factors for both Cholecystitis /cholelithiasis includes obesity; rapid weight loss in obese individuals; middle age; female gender; use of oral contraceptives; American Indian ancestry; gallbladder, pancreatic, or ileal disease; low HDL cholesterol level and hypertriglyceridemia; and gene-environmental interactions (Doig &Huether, 2014).

Causes:

The housing of a gallstone in the cystic duct almost always causes both forms. This occlusion produces the gallbladder to become enlarged and inflamed. Pressure against the distended wall of the gallbladder decreases blood flow. Ischemia, necrosis, and perforation …show more content…

The gallbladder has interstitial fluid with dilated capillaries and lymphatics and edematous gallbladder wall (Catena et al., 2014).
Necrotizing Cholecystitis - second stage,which last for 3–5 days. Along with the edematous changes in the gall bladder there are areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. With the elevated internal pressure to gallbladder wall, the blood flow gets obstructed, and histological evidence of vascular thrombosis and occlusion. Superficial areas of scattered necrosis, the full thickness of the gallbladder wall doesn’t involve (Catena et al., 2014).
Suppurative Cholecystitis - third stage ranges from 7–10 days. White blood cells in the gallbladder wall along with areas of necrosis and suppuration. During this time, the active repair process of inflammation is apparent with abscess formation (Catena et al., …show more content…

Fever, leukocytosis, rebound tenderness, and abdominal muscle guarding are common findings. Blood test shows an increase in white blood count. Serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels may be elevated. Epigastric and right hypochondrium pain and intolerance to fatty foods are the cardinal manifestations of cholelithiasis. Vague symptoms include heartburn, flatulence, epigastric discomfort, pruritus, jaundice, and food intolerances, particularly to fats and cabbage. The pain, often called biliary colic, is most characteristic and is caused by the lodging of one or more gallstones in the cystic or common duct. The pain can be intermittent or steady. It usually is located in the right upper quadrant and radiates to the midupper back. Jaundice indicates that the stone is located in the common bile duct. Abdominal tenderness and fever indicate Cholecystitis (Doig &Huether,

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