In this paper, we look at the ways that children transition through the stages of life and build on their cognitive-behavioral skills. This paper also discusses the developmental problems can occur during adolescence. This information is important to learn because not having the proper behavior skills can cause individuals a lifetime of abnormal behavior. Theorists and psychologist, Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Lev Vygotsky's, explain how the stages of development are a series of stages that individuals transition through during their lifespan. A stage is a period of development in which individuals display certain behavioral patterns and build an understanding of acceptable terms. Individuals advance through stages …show more content…
During this time, children realize what is right and what is accepted. They are also less emotional and more cognitive (Parrott, 2000). Cognitive behavior is associated with the thoughts that individuals have and how those thoughts are processed in the brain, which in turn, control the behavior. Psychologists believe that abnormal behavior is caused by broken and distraught cognizance. There is evidence that emotional circumstances can impact a child’s mood which can impact their memory (Moran, 2009). Today, this can be seen by athletes on the playing field, such as little league baseball players. Many times, coaches or even teammates will degrade players to the point that the player can no longer preform to their best ability. According to Sigmund Freud, abnormal behavior during adulthood could be the direct result of having unresolved conflicts during childhood. Freud believe the unconscious mind stored repressed memories which prevented individuals to move through the stages of life in a healthy manner. Having a weakened ego enables individuals to cope within social groups. Instead, individuals may self-destructive and develop abnormal behavior in both adolescence and adulthood. Individuals can develop anxiety disorders, such as phobias and obsessions …show more content…
According to authors Miller & Kinsbourne of Culture and Neuroscience in Developmental Psychology, many children that grow up in poverty, develop behavior issues and struggle academically, yet, according to their study, when those same children were relocated to high class neighborhoods and schools, their behavior problems and academic struggles vanished. This proves Vygotsky's sociocultural theory to be credible (Miller & Kinsbourne, 2012). Cultural differences can impact brain development which can limit the individual’s potential. Les Parrott, says having a strong support system in place will ensure children reach their full potential. This in turn teaches them about the values and principles that they may lack (Parrott,
As every child grows up in a different environment, not all have a safe one to grow up in and as a result everything that surrounds them becomes apart of the clarity that their mind incorporates and becomes apart of that child 's behavior of way. In terms of brain development children or teens often listen, and see what is around them, it is also said, by researchers of the National Institute of Health, that in recent studies that were made that in teen years massive loss of brain tissue...
Dr. Sigmund Freud came up with a lot of controversial notions, but also set standards in psychology that are still used today. Looking at what is known as the psychoanalytic approach to personality will reveal how these theories are still relevant, and continue to define personality traits (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). Exploring Freud’s theories of the conscious/unconscious by looking at one’s own id, ego, and superego will help explain the human personality and why one does the things they do. Freud’s ideas were mainly based on how the mind works with a special emphasis on how it is all set up in childhood (Psychoanalytic theory, n.d.). This brings to mind that adults are just children with a lot of practice being adults. Everything one does
Development throughout the lifespan goes through many stages. According to Erikson, who is a renowned developmental theorist, development throughout the lifespan is psychosocial. Erikson’s theory is still prominent in today’s models of personalities and developmental psychology. Erikson believed that you had to move through each stage to be successful in subsequent stages. The stages of psychosocial development start at birth.
During middle childhood, children are able to excel in many aspects of development that they could not have obtained before. Children starting around age seven are able to excel in their learning and cognitive development, like being able to read and enjoy going to school to learn something new. They enjoy being able to practice their new knowledge by practicing it until they get it perfect. By this age, middle school age children are able to direct their attention to a particular situation or objective and ignore everything else; this is also called selective attention, “ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.” (Berger, 2011, p.305) Another aspect of middle school age children, are seen to be able to control their actions or thoughts and think about the consequences before doing any given action. This can also be seen as middle school age children, who have major advances in controlling their emotions.
Stages of Development There are many theories used to explain human development. All of the different theories have been helpful in understanding the different stages of growth and development. Having learned the different theories gave me a better understanding of how I can take care of my patients and gain insight on what motivates human thought and behavior. The theory that best fits my perception of the stages of development is Erikson’s Theory because of the belief that personality develops at each stage. Personality develops at each stage through family and social experiences, which forms a person's identity.
Erikson believed that people develop in psychosocial stages. He emphasized developmental change throughout the human life span. In Erikson's theory, eight stages of development result as we go through the life span. Each stage consists of a crisis that must be faced. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point. The more an individual resolves the crises successfully, the healthier development will be.
Bee, H. and Boyd, D. (2001). Physical and cognitive development in adolescence. Lifespan Development. 3ed., 292-293.
The following theorists emphasized different aspects of the physical and cognitive development of adolescents, but each has been equally important in establishing the understanding of human development that we have today. Rice and Dolgin (2007) explain that G. Stanley Hall focused on the biological aspect of an individual’s development, believing that it mirrors the evolutionary history of their predecessors. With this in mind he likened infancy to an animalistic state, childhood to the state of a hunter and the state of preadolescence to that of a savage. Once an individual had progressed beyond these developmental phases and entered adolescence, they experienced a significantly emotionally tumultuous period that he called “sturm und drang”.
Sigmund Freud believed that adults seduced children and this is where their problems came up in adulthood. As for all things, many people did not agree with Freud’s theory. “Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight” (McLeod, “Psychoanalysis”). According to Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory, there are three elements of personality the id, ego and superego. The id is an individual’s inner child.
Human development is closely related to a child’s learning ability. Learning is realized at different stages of the development process. For example, “as the adolescent develops, and on through life as an adult, Freud believed that the ego is accountable for the negotiating of social demands and internal instincts, which if treated properly, would lead to a mentally healthy adult (Bae, 1999). On the other hand, if the ego does not make some adequate compromises, the adult could be fixated in a development stage, or exhibit debilitating symptoms (Bae, 1999). These symptoms will not usually seem associated with the improperly repressed instinctive impulse or traumatic event”
Erikson’s theory emphasized how both earlier and later experiences are proportionately important in the person’s development and how personality develops beyond puberty. But, Freud would argue that most development occurs during the earlier period of an individual’s life. Freud’s psychosexual stages comprised of five stages that ends in puberty. Erikson’s first few psychosocial stages are somewhat similar to that of Freud’s stages one to three but Erikson further expands his developmental stages to eight, covering old age.
When a child is born, he or she is given a certain sex at birth: male or female. Most children grow up happily with his or her sex assigned at birth. Unfortunately, some do not. Some may not be able to accept this assigned gender and feel uncomfortable in his or her own skin, as if he or she is living a lie. Gender Identity Disorder (GID) is associated with a mismatch between someone’s gender identity or internal sense of being male or female and his or her assigned biological sex.
Freud's often-controversial psychoanalysis was an attempt to explain the human psyche (mind) which is comprised of three components: the id, ego, and superego; and the conflict between these components shaped personality (Swanson, 1963, p. 14-16). He believed the ego is responsive to the id that developed at infancy. He also believed that defense mechanisms are unconsciously adopted to protect the ego from anxiety. He was convinced that anxiety was used to warn the ego of potential threats. He focused on internally held forces, including conflicts, biological dispositions, and sexual motivation for his theories (Macintyre, 1963, p. 98-99). He sought to address underlying issues in a person's life, and personal cha...
A person’s childhood years are crucial when it comes to the development of behavior, success, and parenting skills as an adult, because they are the foundation on which these ideas are built. As children, people are taught basic tasks such as eating with a spoon, speaking, putting socks on in the morning, and walking . These tasks escalate into more important lessons like manners, how curse words are inappropriate to use in public, and learning how to express one’s emotions. As a child, a person also has to learn how to develop emotional bonds with people. Throughout these years, the mind is constantly learning while rapidly trying to adapt to its surroundings.
My physical development was not so difficult for me. I experienced the growth spurt when I was10 to 15-years old. I didn’t think it was difficult time for me because my range of growth spurt was not so large. Additionally, I did not belong to sports club, so I did not feel uncomfortable when I move my body. I think I am a late bloomer because I have never had boyfriend. But I think it is advantage for me because I am not a “boy-crazy”. I know some friends who are early bloomer and being “boy-crazy”, I do not want to be like them. I have my own interest and I have something what I want to do besides dating with boys. My physical developments have some effects on my character of today. I think it is because I was taller than others since very young, my friends often said to me “you are like my elder sister.” This phrase makes me think that I need to be like elder sister when I was child. It is related to more about psychological development, but this way of thinking came from my height. One of other physical development related issue that makes me struggle is my period. Every time I am in period, I have pain in stomach and back; I feel sleepy, hungry, and irritating; and I have skin problems. I think there are more people who have more heavy symptoms of period, however, sometimes I cannot endure these. My physical developments have some effects on me, but it was not so difficult for me to pass through.