Interpretation • Referred to table 9 Paracetamol: 1.Amide: contains nitrogen and carbonyl so it’s hydrophilic.2. Hydroxyl: hydrophilic because of the presence of Oxygen that can H-bond with water.3.benzene ring: lipophilic because of non-polar hydrocarbon ring. 4. Methyl is lipophilic because of the nonpolar hydrocarbon group. Aspirin: 1. Carboxylic acid: Oxygen that’s polar which can H-bond with water. 2. Ester: lipophilic because it is non polar although it has oxygen. 3. Benzene: lipophilic because of non-polar hydrocarbon ring. Phenyl butazone 1. Carbonyl: hydrophilic because it’s polar and carries (partially positive and negative charge). 2. Alicyclic amine: has polar nitrogen that can H-bond with water, so it’s hydrophilic. 3. Benzene …show more content…
Carboxylic acid: hydrophilic, Oxygen that’s polar, form H-bond. 2. Alkyl: lipophilic, nonpolar hydrocarbons, can’t form H-bond. 3. Ether: although it has oxygen but it’s lipophilic. 4. Nitrogen: hydrophilic, polar, forms H-bond. 5. Benzene ring: lipophilic, nonpolar, can’t form H-bond. • Referred to table 10: Paracetamol there will be polarity of bonds since there is carbonyl group, OH, NH, the electronegativity will be toward the highest EN which is indicated with arrows on the molecule. Also the polarity of drug is partially since there are no charges. It seems like its partition happens more in lipid because of the presence many non-polar hydrocarbons than polar. It can be ionized in H2O since there is acidic functional groups (phenol and amide). Aspirin: has a polarity of its bonds (Carboxylic acid and ester) and polarity of it is partially same as paracetamol. It seems like its partition happens more in lipid because of the presence many non-polar hydrocarbons than polar (just carboxylic acid). It’s susceptible for ionization to water to form (carboxylate inion). Phenyl butazone Also same as Aspirin and paracetamol in its polarity, partition and susceptibility for ionization in water as it has (β-Dicarbonyl and alicyclic …show more content…
Also it will act with n-octanol because of the non-polar hydrocarbons. Aspirin has acidic functional group so it will also react with NaOH to form a salt (carboxylate ion) and it will interact with n-octanol also same as paracetamol in addition of presence of ester which lipophilic. Phenyl butazone contains acidic functional group (β-Dicarbonyl) which will interact with NaOH to give a salt (–OCO-). Also there will be interaction with HNO3 by tertiary amine which will give NH+. In n-octanol will be a reaction because of the hydrocarbon molecule. In Diclofenac there is interaction with NaOH by carboxylic acid to give a salt (carboxylate ion) and the aromatic amine with HNO3 to give (NH2+) also with n-octanol as there are hydrocarbons. Piroxicam there is interaction with NaOH with amide to give (N--C=O) and interaction with HNO3 with secondary amine (NH+) as well as interaction with n-octanol because of the hydrocarbons. Oxaprozin has carboxylic acid which react with NaOH to give (Carboxylate ion) and it has secondary amine which reacts with HNO3 to give (NH+) plus interaction with n-octanol as there are hydrocarbons and
5. Two or more samples may be applied to each plate if they are kept
Antiarrhythmic agents are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart. Many attempts have been made to classify antiarrhythmic agents. There is a problem from the fact that many of the antiarrhythmic agents have multiple actions, making any classification accurate. Betapace (sotalol) comes in tablets and solution for oral a...
Discussion and Conclusions: Interpreting these results have concluded that relative reactivity of these three anilines in order of most reactive to least reactive go; Aniline > Anisole > Acetanilide. Aniline, has an NH2 , the most active substituent , and adds to any ortho/para position available on the ring. This data is confirmed with the product obtained, (2,4,6 tribromoaniline, mp of 108-110 C). As for anisole, it has a strongly activating group attached, OMe an alkoxy group, and it added in two of the three available spots, both ortho. The results conclude: (2,4-Dibromoanisol mp 55-58 C ). Acetanilide has a strong activating group attached, acylamino group, but this group is large and the ortho positions are somewhat hindered so the majority of the product obtained added at the para position, results conclude: (p-bromoacetanilide mp 160-165 C). Since all the substituents attached to the aromatic rings were activators the only products able to be obtained were ortho/para products.
elder and it now seems that the break in his bond with his mother has
There are four different types of hydrocarbons each having a different homologous series (formula for carbon chain). These being an alkane (formula = CnH2n+2), alkene (formula = CnH2n), alkyne (formula = CnH2n-2), and an alkanol which has the same formulae as an alkane only that is has a hydroxide molecule which replaces one of the hydrogen atoms (refer to figure 3 and
Aspirin contains the substance acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), which can relieve inflammation, fever, pain, and known as a “blood thinner”. Aspirin was not officially trademarked until March 6, 1899 when the Imperial Office of Berlin made it official. It has been used for the last 110 years, but its natural form, salicylic acid has been around for thousands by Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Aspirin is available in over 80 countries and known as the best non-prescription drug. The most common use of aspirin is to cure headaches and use it as a pain reliever, but aspirin is known to prevent heart attack and strokes. It was first proposed in 1940, but wasn’t confirmed until 1970 when doctors would recommend taking aspirin daily [1].
soluble. In other words, any way ap person gets it in his or her body, it will
Acetaminophen is ingested orally and is rapidly and completely absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract. It works in about one hour. The liver detoxifies 90% of it by mixing it with sulfuric acid, and another 3-5% is catabolized by enzyme reactions to the acid. The metabolites are excreted in the urine.
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen): “Decreased effectiveness of diuretic (Furosemide) because acetaminophen may decrease renal prostaglandin excretion and decrease plasma renin activity”(Woo & Wynne, 2011, p. 891).
Both of them researched the drug while working for Bayer and they are credited with actually naming it "aspirin".
Background Information Aspirin is an analgesic (pain relieving) and an antipyretic drug (a drug that lowers body temperature). The main constituent of aspirin is 2 - ethanoythydroxybenzoic acid, also known as acetylsalicyclic acid (shown below right). It was originally made from just salicylic acid (which is found in the bark of a willow tree) when used by the Ancient Greeks to counter fever and pain, but its bitterness and tendency to irritate the stomach caused problems. These were resolved by the German chemist Felix Hoffman, who made the acetyl derivative of salicylic acid in the
Isomers are molecules which have an identical atomic composition but differ in their spatial or bonding arrangements 5. Isomers can be further divided up into constitutional (structural) isomers and stereoisomers (spatial isomers) 3. An example of structural isomers are ethanol and dimethyl ether. Both these chemicals have the molecular formula C2H6O but differ in their chemical structures. Ethanol has the chemical structure CH3¬CH2OH while dimethyl ether has the chemical structure CH3OCH3. These two compounds have completely different physical and chemical properties and are therefore easily identified and separated 6. Another example of structural isomers are catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone which all have the same molecular formula C6H6O2 but different bonding arrangement of their atoms5. Stereoisomers are of importance in API synthesis because they are not as readily identifiable as structural isomers and therefore require a more in depth analysis of the drug molecule or substance. Stereoisomers can be further subdivided into two different categories; configurational isomers which includes geometric isomers and optical isomers, and conformational
Shear, N., Malkiewicz, I., Klein, D., Koren, G., Randor, S., Neuman, M. (1995). Acetaminophen-induced toxicity to human epidermoid cell line A431 is diminished by silymarin. Skin Pharmacology, 8, 279-291.
...were decreased. When given with probenecid, unchanged paracetamol concentration was significantly higher than when administered without probenecid. This is because probenecid inhibits UDPG-transferase. UDPG-tranferase is a key enzyme that is responsible for phase 2 conjugation, so if inhibited, less paracetamol will be converted into its metabolite paracetamol glucuronide. This is why clearance of that metabolite is decreased when the drugs are taken concurrently. Renal elimination was decreased for both paracetamol metabolites because probenecid inhibits the active transport process in the kidneys that causes metabolite secretion into the tubules. Because paracetamol metabolism is reduced when taken with probenecid, there is the potential for adverse effects. More of the active parent form of the drug in the body can lead to potential hepatotoxicity in patients.