The Channel Tunnel (Eurotunnel)
By: Jawad Alibrahim
For: Professor Knutson
Dec 3, 2015 CON 101
Abstract
The Channel Tunnel is an undersea rail tunnel that connects Britain and France. It was conceived as early as 1802, but its construction began in 1986 and ended in 2004. Construction of project used labor from both countries. A total of 15,000 skilled and unskilled laborers worked to complete the project. The Channel consists of two main train tunnels and a third one in the middle used for maintenance and emergency services operations. It connects the town of Coquilles in France to Kent in the Britain.
The Channel Tunnel (Eurotunnel)
The Channel Tunnel (also known as the Eurotunnel) is an underground and
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The first northbound tunnel carries passengers and cargo from Britain to France while the second southbound tunnel ferries passengers and freight from France to Britain. The emergency and service tunnel is located between the two main tunnels. It allows for maintenance and service operations to continue without disrupting normal operations on the main rail tunnels (Anguera 2006). Eurotunnel provides transport and vehicle services in the tunnels while Eurostar provides high-speed railway transport systems. All trains in the channel are electrically powered to avoid cases of smoke buildup underground. However, there are a few diesel-powered locomotives to perform maintenance operations or provide emergency transport services when electric power fails (Unmuseum.org, 2015). The Channel Tunnel was officially opened in May of 1994 at a ceremony presided over by both Queen Elizabeth the Second and France's President Mitterand (Smith, 2014). The Channel sees transport services of approximately 500 transport vehicles in a day. The American Society of Civil Engineers labeled the project as one of the wonders of the modern world (Chang & Ive,
Despite being built during the Civil War, funding was not a problem and every single one of the 2,000 miles of track was hand laid; going through mountains as well as terrain. Both companies finally met up at their midpoint completing the construction on May 10th, 1869; about four years after the end of the Civil War and six years after construction
The Underground Railroad was large group of people who secretly worked together to help slaves escape slavery in the south. Despite the name, the Underground Railroad had nothing to do with actual railroads and was not located underground (www.freedomcenter.org). The Underground Railroad helped move hundreds of slaves to the north each year. It’s estimated that the south lost 100,000 slaves during 1810-1850 (www.pbs.org).
“Tunnel” by Sarah Ellis is about a sixteen-year old boy who is looking for a job. He gets a job as a babysitter, and has to look after a girl name Elizabeth, Ib for short. Ib and Ken go for an exploration mission, as he calls it, ending up at a recognizable place from Ken's childhood. Ib enters this place, endangers herself, and requires assistance from Ken. Ken and Ib hear voices that will only disappear upon hearing Ken and Ib’s real name. Ken helps Ib, and they leave, trying to forget about the traumatic experience. This story was able to positively depict the elements of a short story through the point of view, theme, and the mood of the story.
The underground railroad was a network of northerners that helped slaves reached the north and Canada for safety from their plantation. It was secret and railway terms were used to describe system as a way to hide the real nature of the operation. The underground railroad extended from Maine to Nebraska but was most concentrated in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indian, New York, and The New England States. More of the more specific spots were Detroit, Michigan, Erie, Pennsylvania, Buffalo and New York.
The French originally set out to build the Suez Canal in 1859. However, Britain soon became jealous because of the potential impact the shortcut between the Mediterranean and Red Seas could have on trade with its Indian colony. In 1875, the British wrested financial control of the Suez Canal away from the French, and eventually made all of Egypt a protectorate in 1882.
The Tunnel tolls will be in effect for about 59 more years so people have to get used to it. They have to realize that there will be consequences; a consequence could be the High Rise Bridge possibly collapsing because too much traffic. The public has to look at the bigger picture, even though they might not like it. There is soon to be more on this issues but since its so opinion based it is very hard to get a certain argument since there are so many. Sooner or later people will start gravitating towards the bridge. They will realize its what’s best.
Tunnels found in the War Zones were generally better constructed than those found in other areas. In some cases these complexes were multileveled, with storage and hiding rooms generally found on the lower levels. Entrance was often gained through concealed trapdoors and secondary tunnels. In the deeper complexes, foxholes were dug at intervals to provide water drainage. These were sometimes booby-trapped as well as containing punji-stakes for the unwary attacker. Average tunnel size was 2-feet wide and 2.5 to 3-feet high. They also used air or water locks that acted as firewalls, preventing blast, fragments or gas from passing from one section of the tunnel to another.
Dance can be described as an art that can express meaning through movement. The dance video “Barrier” by NobleMotion Dance was performed at the City Wide Dance Festival in 2009. “Barrier” is a well known theatrical dance used to please others. The choreographer of “Barrier”, Andy Noble uses two dancers to describe a romance that is trying to overcome a dark place in their relationship, together they reveal that love conquers all using the choreographic elements space, time and energy. The choreographic element space refers to the amount of space or distance that the dancer’s body moves.
The Panama Canal was constructed in two stages. The first between 1881 and 1888, was carried out by the French company headed by De Lessop. Second, was the work by the Americans who eventually completed the canals construction between 1904 and 1914. (Cameron 79)The contract for the canals construction was signed on March 12, 1881, and it was agreed the work would be carried out for 512 million French francs. Midway through the building of the canal, in 1885, the French company started to run into financial difficulties and even applied to the French government to issue lottery bonds. Rumors of these difficulties caused increased interest within the American government. The abandonment of the scheme at this stage would cause financial ruin for all the investors and a severe blow to the French. It was suggested that the original plan be modified and the lock system should be employed. Eventually, in 1899, France’s attempt at constructing the Panama Canal was seen to be a failure. However, they had excavated a total of 59.75 million cubic meters, which included 14.255 million cubic meters from the Culebra Cut. (Barret 63) This lowered the peak by 102 meters. The value of work completed by the French was about $25 million. When the French departed, they left behind a considerable amount of machinery, housing and a hospital. The reasons behind the French failing to complete the project were due to disease carrying mosquitoes and the inadequacy of their machinery.
The subway started its initial run at that time, under the auspices of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), traveling nine miles through 28 stations in Manhattan. Even though Boston built their subway seven years earlier that New York City, NYC has the largest American rapid transit system in The U.S.A. At that day approximately 100,000 New Yorker tried the submerged railroad which was only in Manhattan, starting from south of the borough in City Hall heading north until Harlem station. The ticket costed a five cent coin. However, a year later the expanding reached the Bronx to have better connection outside the island. Three years later, IRT opened their lines in Brooklyn and toke another seven years to run their trains in Queens. Unfortunately, they never connected the subway lines to the fifth borough, but Staten Island has its own subway system since it is an island and it is hard and expensive to construct long tunnels underwater. In 1968, the Metropolitan Transport Authority (MTA) had the charge of running the system until today. The system has more than 25 lines scattered in the four boroughs with about 470 stations. The engineers studied the infrastructure of NYC to locate ewers, gas pipes, water mains, electric conduits, and other subsurface structures accurately to avoid any kind of accidents. They used the classic cut and
For my breaching experiment, I decided to break the social norm of looking at someone while engaged in conversation with them. Today, it is socially unacceptable and impolite to avoid looking at someone when talking to them. The background assumption for a typical conversation is that direct eye contact will be made more often than not; otherwise social norms are being violated. Avoiding eye contact during an exchange tends to dehumanize the person that is not receiving the eye contact. It is impolite and offensive, not looking at someone who is talking makes it seem as though the topic being discussed is unimportant. For my research experiment I would constantly talk to someone without initiating eye contact, or with my back facing toward the subject, not turning around or making eye contact until I had to ring up their order or make the drink for them. This research is important because it uncovers what happens when the social norm of
The Middle Passage started in the 1500s and lasted for more than three centuries. It brought millions of Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. This trip received the name, The Middle Passage, because it was the middle leg of the triangular trade. It started from Africa, then went from Africa to the Americas, and then finally from the Americas back to England. It is known to be the largest movement of people in history.
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Officially founded in 1834, Harrods is today recognised as one of London’s landmark. It’s one of the most successful and luxurious department stores in London. With the motto “Omnia Omnibus Ubique” (All things for all people, everywhere), Harrods makes sure to carry the title of exclusiveness.
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