During the initial years of its development, internet had a set of design principles that made it what it is. One such crucial design principle that defined the distinctive nature of how the internet shaped out is the end to end arguments. These principles claim that application level functions preferably should be implemented at the application level itself (i.e., at the end points of a transaction) and not at the lower levels (i.e., the core of the network). And, the only functionality that is assumed from the network layer is that it is capable of delivering data with reasonable but not perfect reliability. This approach has served internet pretty well over the years. But, with the changing set of requirements, few of the applications started to drift apart from this basic principle and started adding new mechanisms to the core of the network.
Consider the case of a World Wide Web which was initially designed using the principles of end to end arguments. As per the original design principles, when end hosts in nearby networks request a same web page multiple times, the page would be fetched from the server every single time. This meant that the requested page was transferred across the network multiple times. To counter this redundancy, a technique known as content caching was proposed. According to this proposal, a local copy of every page that is fetched from the server is made and stored at a point close to the end hosts. When a subsequent request to an already accessed page is made from a nearby network, a cached copy is returned to the end host instead of a copy from the server.
Does this break the principles of end to end arguments ? Yes, since for an already accessed page a request is made to the cache instead...
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...ing new requirements and challenges caused internet to move away from these principles to build a faster and robust system that might decrease the flexibility and openness to certain extent. This trade-off will continuously be challenged as new requirements keep popping in.
[1] End-To-End Arguments In System Design by J.H. Saltzer, D.P. Reed and D.D. Clark [M.I.T. Laboratory for Computer Science] ewline [2] Rethinking the design of the Internet: The end to end arguments vs. the brave new world by Marjory S. Blumenthal [Computer Science & Telecommunications Bd. ] and David D. Clark [M.I.T. Lab for Computer Science]
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[3] The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols by David D. Clark [M.I.T. Laboratory for Computer Science]
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[4] The end-to-end argument and application design : the role of trust by David D.Clark and Marjory S. Blumenthal
An example of a highly important protocol which will be utilized at application level, is HTTP or hypertext transfer protocol. HTTP is the protocol used within web browsers and the entire internet to send and receive specific web page data. HTTP is a controlling protocol, as it determines how documents should be sent, and what the browser should do in response to commands. When accessing a web page, a HTTP command is sent to the pages web server, so that the server may send that specific page’s data to the user. PCO’s Learning Centre will be using the hypertext transfer protocol on a regular basis. In order for students to access web pages, the HTTP must exist to ensure speedy and accurate navigation, especially in a learning
Although the internet and the red wheelbarrow may share a few common traits, they also have their differences. The wheelbarrow for example is a physical tool used to make jobs easier. Where the internet isn’t a physical object at all, it is a cyber network of websites and connections. Both made to make life easier, however in very different ways. Another way these objects differ from each other is the extent of possibilities with each item. A wheelbarrow can only do so many things within its limits. It can only move so much weight, and you can only push it so far. The internet on the other hand is never ending. More pictures, videos, and websites are created on the internet every minute that people know what to do with. This technology is ever expanding and always changing to make life just a little bit
Internet has changed our world a lot in good way. But things are not always in good way.
The internet has taken the world so far in its short commercial life; the future of the internet provides limitless possibilities of a much different future. The internet was created to test new networking technologies developed to eventually aid the military. The Arpanet, advanced research projects agency network, became operational in 1968 after it was conceived by Leanard Roberts (Watrall, T101, 2/2). Ever since the Arpanet began in 1968, it has grown exponentially in the number of connected users. Traffic and host population became too big for the network to maintain, due to the killer application known as email created in 1972.
What we know today as the Internet began as a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) project in 1969, which was designed to connect several research databases across the country. However, until the end of 1991, the advances were almost completely technical, as the goals set by those responsible in its growth were beyond what the hardware was capable of providing. In 1988, the Internet began to receive attention in the popular press, when the first documented computer virus was released at Cornell University. 1991 marked the beginning of the transition of the Internet as we know it today, with the National Science Foundation’s reinterpretation of its Acceptable Use Policy to allow for commercial traffic across its network, the development of the first graphic interfaces, the formation of the Internet Society, and the formation of ECHO (East Coast Hang Out), one of the first publicly available online communities.
With an entity as vast as the Internet, it is not surprising that a variety of unanswered questions will arise. I’m positive that the Internet will continue to confound scholars as it continues to quickly evolve. By analyzing the views of the celebrants and skeptics, I have been able to understand the potential that the internet has. By using the PEC, I have been able to understand how democracy and capitalism relate to the issues of the Internet. In the future, I hope that society can develop a further understanding of the Internet and move toward the Internet that the celebrants had hoped for.
The multifaceted debate in balancing the complex nature of the internet involves various methods defended by stakeholders such as government entities, internet
Tanenbaum, Andrew S. Computer Networks. 3rd Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996.
Caching reduces the workload of the remote Web server by spread the data widely among the proxy caches over the
The history of the internet shows that the internet is not a new medium. The internet was initially created in the 1960's to as a way for the United States to stay connected in case of a nuclear fallout due to the possible consequences of the Cold War. F...
In our society, there has been a revolution which competes that of the industrial revolution. It is called technological revolution. At the top of the technological revolution is what we call, the Internet. In the following report we will be discussing about what the internet is about in general and how it might be in the future, why it is necessary in our everyday lives, and why has it become so important to everyone (i.e. companies, individuals ).
The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The Internet enables communication and transmission of data between computers at different locations. The Internet is a computer application that connects tens of thousands of interconnected computer networks that include 1.7 million host computers around the world. The basis of connecting all these computers together is by the use of ordinary telephone wires. Users are then directly joined to other computer users at there own will for a small connection fee per month. The connection conveniently includes unlimited access to over a million web sites twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. There are many reasons why the Internet is important these reasons include: The net adapts to damage and error, data travels at 2/3 the speed of light on copper and fiber, the internet provides the same functionality to everyone, the net is the fastest growing technology ever, the net promotes freedom of speech, the net is digital, and can correct errors. Connecting to the Internet cost the taxpayer little or nothing, since each node was independent, and had to handle its own financing and its own technical requirements.
The Internet has become a key ingredient of strenuous and busy lifestyle. ‘Internet’ has become the central-hub for communication, explorations, connecting with people or for official purposes. Resultantly, Internet growth has led to a plethora of new developments, such as decreased margins for companies as consumers turn more and more to the internet to buy goods and demand the best prices.
TCP/IP is a network model which enables the communication across the Internet. The most fundamental protocol on which the Internet is built. This is made up of the 2 common networking protocols, TCP, for Transmission Control Protocol, and IP, for Internet Protocol. TCP maintains and handles packet flow linking the systems and IP protocol has the ability to handle the routing of packets. However The TCP/IP stack consists of 5 layers first being application layer, the transport layer, then the network layer, the link layer and finally the physical layer. The assignment focuses on the three middle layers and is divided into five parts. Firstly explaining how the TCP and UDP the most vital protocols needed to deliver and communicate.
Boepple, Paul. "Internet." The New Book of Knowledge. 34th ed. 20 vols. Chicago: Grolier Inc., 2000.