1.1 Cattle domestication:
Domesticated Cattle belong to the family Bovidae and sub family Bovinae, which appeared in the Miocene approximately 20 million years ago. There are more than 800 different cattle breeds recognized worldwide. Cattle are considered the most important and significant domesticated economic animal (Loftus et al. 1994). In addition to milk, cattle contribute other important commodities including meat, hides, traction and dung. The taurine and zebu cattle were probably domesticated and kept around for easy access to food, including meat, milk & their products and for their use as load-bearers and plows. The many archaeological records for domestication of wild forms of cattle (Bos primigenius) indicated that the process
…show more content…
They are in the central of human culture and represent one of the most important domesticated animals (Loftus et al. 1994). The evolution and domestication of cattle have been always contentious research particularly in determining the relationship between the two main types of cattle the humped zebu and hump less taurine. Due to the economic importance of cattle, morphological and genetic differences observed between the two subspecies are still an active area of research and speculations (David et al. 1997). India is rich in dairy animal diversity. It has diverse and distinguishing cattle genetic resources which led to their domestication some 10000 years …show more content…
The major zebu cattle breeds of the world include Gir, Kankrej, Ongole, Sahiwal, Indo-Brazilian, Nelore, Brahman, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi, Butana, Kenana, Boran, Baggara, Kangayam and Southern Yellow. Other breeds of zebu cattle are quite local, such as the Hariana of Haryana and eastern Punjab or the Rath of Alwar in eastern Rajasthan. The Zebu cattle have ability to survive under vigorous conditions attracted the attention of the settlers and attempts were made in various regions to breed these cattle pure or to use them for cross-breeding
Hasheider, Philip. How to Raise Cattle: Everything You Need to Know. St. Paul: Voyageur, 2007. Print.
More than 100,000 U.S horses are sent to slaughter each year for their meat. The meat is then shipped overseas to Europe for human consumption. Horse slaughter is a big issue in the equine community. Many people in the equine community say it’s inhuman by the way the horses are killed, but many equestrians also say its moral due to population control. so which is it, is horse slaughter bad or good? This report will look at what horses usually go to slaughter, how the U.S and other countries view horses, how different people view horses and what would happen if slaughter ended.
In the southern margins of the Sahara Desert, going southward toward East Africa are tall, rather thin dark skin peoples called the Nuer. To the Nuer horticulture is degrading toil. The Nuer live the pastoral mode of production with their primary dependancy on animal husbandry, cattle. Although the cattle is not raised for the meat, unless they become barren, or injured they eat them under special conditions. Usually adapt in dry grassland with short growing seasons.
The Cattle Boom was also present in Wyoming, especially after cattle ranchers discovered that cattle could survive winters in Wyoming. Cheyenne, Wyoming had an estimated number of 60,000 cattle grazing within 100 miles of the town in 1871 (Western). As demand for beef continued to grow and the U.S. government continued to buy cattle to feed the Indian tribes they had displaced, wealth and cattle in Wyoming also continued to grow (Western). There were more than 476,000 reported heads of cattle in Wyoming in 1882, which usually meant there was closer to a million on the range. T.A. Larson, a Wyoming historian, estimated 1.5 million cattle in the state in 1886. It was reported that there was not a blade of grass within
“broadly based subsistence, experimental agriculture, seasonal nomadism giving way to sedentism, and technological proliferation” (Lynch 1983:91). By the end of the Paleo-Indian times the shift to agriculture and cultivation came to a head during Pre-ceramic 2500 BC quinoa, maize, gourd, squash, potato, beans and lucuma were now utilized for agricultural domestication—the Formative stage according the Lynch (1983:91) ca. 2000 BC had “intensive agriculture, full sedentism, class systems, corporate labor projects, and temple-based religions.”
Today it seems that if it is white and fatty then it is good enough, no matter how it is made or where it comes from. According Mike Ewall, affiliated with the United States Justice Network, present day cows are now given the recombinant...
Domestication is the process of altering plants and animals so that they are no longer bound to the natural habitats of their wild ancestors. In essence they become more productive and useful to people. This process sometimes even includes changes in the genetics of the domesticated plant or animal. In Mesopotamia the major domesticated species of plants were wheat, barley, chickpeas, peas, grapes, olives, walnuts, almonds, pistachios, apricots, dates, and figs. The major domesticated species of animals were cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Some of the genetic changes brought about through domestication and the careful breeding of plants and animals include plants that were bred to have more and bigger useful parts and animals that were initially bred to be smaller and less aggressive, and only later to have more of their useful parts.
For their body size, goats are slightly more efficient than cows; it takes less feed for a dairy goat to produce a gallon of milk than for a cow to produce a gallon . F...
In "The Cowboy and His Cow" speech, Edward Abbey delivered a furious talk based on his personal experience.Abbey began by talking about the childhood dream of becoming a cowboy, so consistently I expected him to write about how and why the cowboy is a child's legendary hero and how a child idolizes them for all the kindness they appear to do. Instead, Abbey began tearing down the praised cowboy by making the people realize the issues that the cowboys and their cattle have brought.
Domestication of the common horse is believed to have started around 4000 BC, becoming common during the early 3000 BC (Wilson,. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore).
Most cow lovers need not worry about any of this. Their cows have become welcome household pets. They have put down their steak knives and decided to dine with them, not on them. Such docile animals have now become a part of the family, and owning but a few cows has eased the problem of naming a vast herd of cattle.
From my introduction we can see that Brazil is the world’s main beef producer. The beef produced in Brazil is mostly from their own breed of Nellore cattle. The production system is mainly grass based which can lead to low efficiency. In recent years feedlots have become more common for finishing off animals to meet external demand. Animals usually spend about 70 days in the feedlots to achieve the minimum of 4 millimetres fat cover needed before slaughtering cattle are fed in feedlots mostly during the dry season, when pasture availability is decreased. This strategy is used to maintain a constant beef supply to the external markets nonetheless the beef cattle industry in Brazil is still based on grass feeding. At some point this constitutes an important advantage for Brazilian beef exportations because some countries look for “natural beef.” Animals are usually slaughtered at around 36 months old this late age is due to the tropical grass that they have been eating. For the domestic consumer in Brazil flavour is more important than tenderness so this late slaugh...
“Perfection is not attainable, but if we chase perfection we can catch excellence.” These wise words from Vince Lombardi is what motivates me when I judge a class. Livestock judging is something that is sometimes overlooked. You have a limited time to make a critical decision while being confident enough to answer questions about your decision.
For decades archaeologists believed that plants and animals were first domesticated in the near east (Israel, Lebanon, Syria, south west Turkey, Iraq, western Iran) early in Holocene (8000 to 10000 years ago). It is now possible to mount a challenge to this archaeological dogma about the domestication of plants and animals as evidence of that has been found in Afghanistan and Mehrgarh on the Kachi plains of Pakistan. The roots of sedentism and village farming community have been documented in the 7th millennium BC, at the site of Mehrgarh on the Kachi plains of the central Indus valley. Farming was successful here because it is thought that Pleistocene Indus River flowed in this area...
Although, the farming was becoming increasingly popular in this period(neomatic people) however, this period also witnessed the domestication of wild animals. Since, early agriculture had changed the nomadic life and culture for forever, the domestication of wild animals started at the same time as the domestication of plants. People started domesticating the wild animals for many reason, as they abandon their neomatic lifestyle and begin farming. Goats and sheep were the few of many animals to be early domesticated for, meat, milk and skins. They also started selectively breeding animals for their desire of better milk production and meat. The region also saw a rapid growth on domestication and breeding of wild animals, leading towards pastoralism. The raising livestock population had also brought significant difference on people’s life. “The domestication of large animals dramatically increased the power available to humans to carry out their tasks, which had both an immediate effect in the societies in which this happened and a long-term effect…”(page 9 history of western society). Domestication of animals allowed farmers to use them on plowing a field, which not only reduced time of farmers, but also resulted a high