Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to provide research to support that infection, with urinary catheter use, is an ongoing issue, in many hospitals. Carter et al., 2014 defines a urinary catheter as an indwelling tube that runs through the urethra and into the bladder allowing for the passive drainage of urine from the bladder. A balloon at the inner end of the catheter is inflated with sterile water to hold the catheter in place. Catheterization is a sterile procedure, which if broken, could compromise the patient; however, catheter insertion may not be the only problem contributing to hospital-acquired infections. Studies have shown that indications for catheter use may not be medically necessary, also putting the patient
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The annual cost of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUT) is about three hundred and fifty million, in the United States (Saint et al., 2014). This cost affects the hospital, due to the fact that CAUTIs are preventable through nursing implementation and evidence- based practice. Catheter use is associated with physiologic complications, such as bladder calculi, bladder inflammation, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections. They can contribute to further complications, especially in older adults, leading to falls and delirium (Carter et al., 2014). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has specific guidelines that detail high priority recommendations for controlling catheter-associated infection prevention. Inserting catheters for only appropriate indications and leaving them in place for as long as medically necessary is their main concern and priority (Carter et al., 2014). The safety and comfort of the patient should be most important in the practice for all nurses when inserting and taking care of catheters. Unfortunately, this is not always the case, and the consequences of nursing implementation are left with the …show more content…
The Northeast region consisted of 101 units (67 hospitals) from 4 states, the Midwest region consisted of 356 units (246 hospitals) from 9 states, the South region consisted of 433 units (271 hospitals) from 12 states, and the West region consisted of 211 units (124 hospitals) from 9 states. Across the participating units, catheter utilization was 31%. Utilization in the ICU at 61% was greater than the non-ICU at 20%. The West has the highest utilization in the non-ICU setting at 24% while the South had the highest utilization in the ICU at 63%. Compared with non-ICUs in the West, catheter utilization was significantly lower in non-ICUs in the Northeast (P=.001) and South (P=.007). Compared with ICUs in the West, catheter utilization was significantly higher in ICUs in all other areas: Northeast P =.02, Midwest P =.002, and South P <.001. Overall utilization did not vary by region after the hospitals characteristics were adjusted. Furthermore, several finding came from this nation study. It was found that catheter utilization remains common across the United States, with 20% in non-ICU settings and 61% in the ICU. Catheter appropriateness in the ICU was high across all regions, however; the study found that 30%-40% of catheters in the non-ICU setting may be placed without an appropriate indication. CAUTI rates were 2.5 per 1,000 catheter-days and did not differ by unit type.
BioPatch, and alternatives like Tegaderm CHG, are an important first step in helping prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections (CBIs). As CBIs rank among the most frequent and potentially lethal nosocomial infections, the need for a device to cut down infections at the insertion site has increased. The growing numbers of infections has driven companies to consider a three-tiered approach: a maximal aseptic barrier at insertion, proper site maintenance, and hub protection. With BioPatch and alternative products catheter sites receive that maximal aseptic barrier to prevent bacteria growth.
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
2013). Inappropriate use of urinary catheter in patients as stated by the CDC includes patients with incontinence, obtaining urine for culture, or other diagnostic tests when the patient can voluntarily void, and prolonged use after surgery without proper indications. Strategies used focused on initiating restrictions on catheter placement. Development of protocols that restrict catheter placement can serve as a constant reminder for providers about the correct use of catheters and provide alternatives to indwelling catheter use (Meddings et al. 2013). Alternatives to indwelling catheter includes condom catheter, or intermittent straight catheterization. One of the protocols used in this study are urinary retention protocols. This protocol integrates the use of a portable bladder ultrasound to verify urinary retention prior to catheterization. In addition, it recommends using intermittent catheterization to solve temporary issues rather than using indwelling catheters. Indwelling catheters are usually in for a longer period. As a result of that, patients are more at risk of developing infections. Use of portable bladder ultrasound will help to prevent unnecessary use of indwelling catheters; therefore, preventing
Catheter Acquired Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs) has become to be classified as one among the leading infections which most individuals end up being susceptible to acquire while at the hospital. Healthcare-associated or acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant cause of illness, death, and more often than not, have resulted to cost the tax payers potentially high medical expenses in most health care settings. ("Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality," para. 1) Due to this, 1 out of every 20 patients will end up with CAUTI within the US hospitals and this has caused Agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) to embark on nationwide plans to help in the eradication and control of CAUTI incidences. ("Agency
A study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that “annually approximately 1.7 million hospitalized patients acquire infections while being treated for other medical conditions, and more than 98,000 of these patients will die as a result of their acquired infection” (Cimiotti et al., 2012, p. 486). It was suggested that nursing burnout has been linked to suboptimal patient care and patient dissatisfaction. Also, the study shows that if the percentage of nurses with high burnout could be reduced to 10% from an average of 30%, approximately five thousand infections would be prevented (Cimiotti et al., 2012). In summary, increasing nursing staffing and reduction burnout in RNs is a promising strategy to help control urinary and surgical infections in acute care facilities (Cimiotti et al.,
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are responsible for more than 8.1 million visits to physicians' offices per year and about five percent of all visits to primary care physicians. Approximately 40 percent of women and 12 percent of men will experience at least one symptomatic urinary tract infection during their lifetime (Sanchez, Gupta, & Hitler, 2012).
Hospital acquired infections are spread by numerous routes including contact, intravenous routes, air, water, oral routes, and through surgery. The most common types of infections in hospitals include urinary tract infections (32%), surgical site infections (22%), pneumonia (15%), and bloodstream infections (14%). ( book). The most common microorganisms associated with the types of infections are Esherichila coli, Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus auerus, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.(secondary) Urinary tract infections occur when one or more of microorganisms enter the urinary system and affect the bladder and/or the kidneys. These infections are often associated improper catheterization technique. Surgical site infections occur after surgery in the part of the body where the surgery took place. These infections may involve the top of the skin, the tissue under the skin, organs, or blood vessels. Surgical site infections sometimes take days or months after surgery to develop. The infections can be cause by improper hand washing, dressing change technique, or improper surgery procedure. Pneumonia can also become a hospital acquired infection. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a type of lung in...
Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is defined as a bacterial infection in the blood that originates from an intravenous catheter.[9][13] Intravascular catheters are essential to modern day medical practices and are inserted in critically-ill patients for the administration of fluids, blood products and medication.[11] Central venous catheters (CVCs) pose as a major risk above all device-related infections and are major attributors of morbidity and mortality.[11] They are also the main source of bacteremia and septicemia in hospitalized patients. Patients are 64 times greater in developing a catheter-related blood stream infections as a result of central venous catheter use than with peripheral venous catheters.[12][13][14]
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) contribute to mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2016) announces, “one in 25 hospital patients has at least one healthcare-associated infection.” Given this astounding statistic and the fact that most of HAIs are preventable; nurses must seek out evidence-based research to employ interventions that prevent HAIs such as such as chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing. The use of this intervention is applicable to all adult patient populations. This intervention should be of interest to nursing organizations that initiate change in practices and treat adult
In the past couple of decades, healthcare associated infections have increased. These infections are believed to be highly preventable but there are several reasons that account for the increase of such infections. For example, associated bloodstream infections are on a rise yet their prevention is something that is very basic.
(2014) conducted a retrospective data review to determine whether current interventions were effective in preventing central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSI). The study included sequential patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit at University of Louisville Hospital from 2009 to 2010. This facility is a level I trauma center consisting of 404 beds in a large metropolitan area. The current interventions studied included implementation of care bundles, use of chlorhexadine, fully sterile procedures and improved adherence to existing policies. During this study, in addition to current interventions, critical care educators were required to conduct in-services on CLABSI, attend staff meetings, and also require nursing staff to complete a checklist during central line insertion. During the completion of this checklist, the nursing staff must also require the physician to sign the document acknowledging of the assessment of adherence to standards during the procedure (Kellie et al.,
Biofilms are ubiquitous in nature; however, the addition of an external object further enhances biofilm formation. In the human body implantation of medical devices can foster the growth of biofilms and cause infection. A notable example of an external medical device is the conventional urinary catheter which invites biofilm formation, making the development of CAUTI inevitable. Current methods of treatment for CAUTI include use of antibiotics and a range of preventative measures. Novel therapeutic methods involve a range of strategies, such as catheter impregnation with antimicrobial agents and disruption of quorum sensing; proposing a promising future for CAUTI infected patients.
The article I chose, written in its proper format was Ling-Juan Zhang. 2 January 2015. Dermal adipocytes protect against invasive Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Science 347:67-71. The other authors include Christian F. Guerrero-Juarez. Tissa Hata, Sagar P. Bapat, Raul Ramos, Maskim V. Plikus, Richard L. Gallo. Ling-Juan Zhang, PhD was a Post Doctoral Fellow in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and was affiliated with Oregon State University. However, this article was published under the Division of Dermatology at the University of California, San Diego, CA. To me, this article is trustworthy because it was published in Science Magazine, which is the “World’s leading journal of original scientific research, global news, and
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as an infection of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder caused by microorganisms that either ascend from the urethra (95% of cases) or that spread to the kidney from the bloodstream (5%). About 7 million American patients visit health care providers each year because of Urinary tract infections. These infections commonly occur in otherwise healthy women, men with prostatic hypertrophy or bladder outlet obstruction, children with congenital anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract, and patients with indwelling bladder catheters. (Taber’s Version 20 pg.2273) Urinary tract infections account for up to one-third of all nursing home – associated infections, making them the most common. Nursing interventions such as proper catheter care,
In this essay the quantitative research article by Blanck, Donahue, Dixon, Brentlinger, and Stinger, (2014), “A Quasi-Experimental Study to Test a Prevention Bundle for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)” will be explored. Therefore, the purpose of the quasi-experimental design was to decrease the amount of CAUTI’s in the adult intensive care (ICU) in patients with indwelling urinary catheters, by investigating the utilization of the bundle method in nursing catheter care practices, over a three-month duration. Likewise, the study made a comparison between the pre- intervention and post- intervention group. Moreover, the study was conducted in a 20 bed ICU, participants were >18 years old, indwelling catheter. What is the outcome of the patient’s in the ICU with indwelling urinary catheters who received the prevention bundle care, in relation to the patients who did not receive the preventive bundle catheter care? Also, bundles can help provide the consistency needed in nursing care practices for the patients who have indwelling urinary catheter in the prevention of CAUTI’s.