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Relationship between career path and personal values
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Career Development and Gender, Race, and Class
Many theories of career development are derived from theories of personality (Sharf 1997). They attempt to illuminate the interrelationship of individual personality and behavior with work and careers. However, some prevailing career development theories were based solely on research on white males from middle- and upper-middle-class backgrounds, so their applicability to women, people of color, and other socioeconomic groups has been called into question. In addition, the focus on individual psychological or personality characteristics does not take into account the wider environmental context in which people make career decisions, thus failing to recognize the constraints faced by some groups. This Digest investigates broader perspectives on career development that are being built on emerging research focused on gender, race, ethnicity, and social class. The implications of this information for career and vocational educators and counselors are discussed.
Issues Related to Career Development Theories
Some types of career development theories include trait and factor, life-span, and social cognitive (Sharf 1997). This section looks at some of the issues surrounding the applicability of these theories in regard to gender, race, and class.
Trait and Factor Theories. The basis of trait and factor theories is the assumption that there are unique traits that can be reliably measured and that it is possible to match individual traits to occupational requirements. Holland identified six types of occupations theorized that people seek work environments and occupations that match their preferred traits. However, some people question the accuracy of the instruments used to measure...
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...h: What Kind and by Whom? ERIC Digest. Greensboro, NC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Student Services, 1995. (ED 399 486)
Perron, J. et al. "A Longitudinal Study of Vocational Maturity and Ethnic Identity Development." Journal of Vocational Behavior 52, no. 3 (June 1998): 409-424.
Rojewski, J. W. "Predicting Career Maturity Attitudes in Rural Economically Disadvantaged Youth." Journal of Career Development 21, no. 1 (Fall 1994): 49-61. (EJ 487 464)
Sharf, R.S. Applying Career Development Theory to Counseling. 2d ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1997.
"Special Issue: Racial Identity and Vocational Behavior." Journal of Vocational Behavior 44, no. 2 (April 1994). (EJ 482 681-688)
Stitt-Gohdes, W. L. Career Development: Issues of Gender, Race, and Class. Columbus: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, 1997. (ED 413 533)
American History X exposes us to groupthink in an obvious way. The DOC believes that by ridding of every other race/minority that they’ll solve the problem they face: no advances in the white race. To everyone in this social group, this is the solution they’ve come up with which in reality, is an incorrect approach to the situation. While trying to enforce their beliefs, they’re destroying their own town, and being criticized for how they act. Deviance plays part into the movie when Derek goes to prison for three years. There, he affiliates himself with a group like the DOC from home, but a key difference that would be categorized as deviant to his group back home is that they trade with the other races in the prison. When he finds out he breaks away from the social group he was affiliated with because he didn’t support their doings. This is considered deviance because he breaks the norm and begins conversing with a black male he does his jobs with. He realizes this wouldn’t be accepted back home but he doesn’t resort back to his original group. Another way deviance plays into the...
Wang, Ming-Te, Jacquelynne S. Eccles, and Sarah Kenny. "Not Lack Of Ability But More Choice: Individual And Gender Differences In Choice Of Careers In Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics." Psychological Science (Sage Publications Inc.) 24.5 (2013): 771, 774. Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 Nov. 2013.
All petoints andirguong ilictovi splinictumy shuald bi vecconetid et liest 1 wiik priupiretovily woth pulyvelint pniamucuccel, minongucuccel, end Heimupholas vecconis (5). A maltodoscoplonery eppruech os niidid tu echoivi priupiretovi uptomozetoun uf fall bluud cuant end cuegaletoun stetas, end asaelly onvulvis edmonostretoun uf bluud prudacts ur e farthir cuarsi uf stiruods (5).
Jones, Randall M. & Lauver, Philip J. "Factors Associated With Perceived Career Options in American Indian, White, and Hispanic Rural High School Students." Journal of Counseling Psychology 38.2 (1991): 159-166.
In many cases outsourcing has proven to be beneficial for businesses. It can help a business’s management by allowing executives to focus on the core structure of the firm rather than every specific element. Production, manufacturing, or additional servic...
On contemporary society, immigration reform is enjoying an increasingly high voice among people. American immigration system is broken. Too many employers take advantage of the system by hiring undocumented workers which currently are estimated at 11 million. This is not good for the economy nor the country. Imaging a day without these undocumented workers in United States. No bus driver, farm worker, cooker, nurse, construction worker, waiter, house keeper, gardener or nanny can be found. Nobody drive bus, pick fruit, wash dishes, build houses, clean offices or take care of babies. It is not difficult for us to imagine that because these low skill workers have vanished. Chaos and tragedy ensue. The question about whether all nations should open their borders and so we could roam freely, or we should enhance immigration controls is a sophisticated issue. According to the journal article "The new common sense", the author Teresa Hayter declared that the freedom of movement should be the new common sense for immigrants to make big contributions to the wealth and prosperity of the countries they go to. People should have their own right to move freely. The abolition of immigration controls would mean increase in freedom, prosperity and opportunities for all of us.
Oates, Gary L. St. C. "The Color of the Undergraduate Experience and the Occupational Attainment of Blacks and Whites: Evidence from Longitudinal Data." Sociological Quarterly 45.1 (2004): 21-44. JSTOR. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.
Analyzing career theory is an important task, not only as an individual but also on a large scale. If everyone has the career they are best at and enjoy above all others, the world would be a much happier place. Imagine a world where each individual viewed work as not something they have to do, but as something they want to do. Productivity would increase at all levels. Charitable foundations and businesses would be abundant. Whereas this ideal may not be fathomable at this point, if each person used this information, it would be only a matter of time before we are moving in that harmonious direction.
Schmitt-Wilson, Sarah (2013). Social Class and Expectations of Rural Adolescents: The Role of Parental Expectations, Career Development Quarterly. Volume 61, pages 226-239.
Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Systems, Strategies, and Skills (4th Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) is a relatively new theory that is aimed at explaining three unified aspects of career development: 1. how basic academic and career interests develop, 2. how educational and career choices are made, and 3. how academic and career success is obtained. The theory incorporates a variety of concepts that appear in earlier career theories and have been found to affect career development (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 2000).
These examples of career changes reflect a common trend—increased job mobility. The linear career path that once kept people working in the same job, often for the same company, is not the standard career route for today's workers. Today, many workers are pursuing varied career paths that reflect sequential career changes. This set of ongoing changes in career plans, direction, and employers portrays the lifetime progression of work as a composite of experiences. This Digest explores how changing technologies and global competitiveness have led to redefinition of interests, abilities, and work options that influence career development.
Career change can be incorporated into the tran-theoretical model of change (TTM) to examine the lifespan and approaches to career development. “With the new paradigm of modern workers facing repeated career changes due to voluntary and involuntary turnover, a model outlining the change processes may contribute to more effective counseling strategies” (Barclay, 2010). Although, this model does not reflect the path of career changers, it offers an explanation of why people change careers when they leave
Holland’s theory of vocational personalities and work environments is the premier structural theory behind modern counseling. His theory structural theory is centered around the basic belief that people will seek out careers that offer environments that are compatible with their interest, likes and dislikes. This basic premise is the foundation for Holland’s globally accepted vocational personality and work environment theory. This structural theory can be explained by four general statements. First, in today’s society, generally most people will fall into one of Holland’s six category types. These types are defined as Realistic, Intellectual, Social, Conventional, Enterprising and Artistic. Secondly, there are six kinds of environments that exists in modern society (Holland, 1966). These environments are also defined as Realistic, Intellectual, Social, Conventional, Enterprising and Artistic. Next people will search for the environment and vocation that allows them to best use there skills and talents, to express their attitudes and values, to take on problems and roles they like and avoid the ones that they dislike (Gottfredson, 1981). Finally a persons behavior is determined by the interaction of his personality pattern and his environment. Holland’s theory allows counseling to define, explain and predict personality types and their compatibility with the work environment. Holland’s theory on the surface may seem simple, but the interest in his theory are useful and can indicate much more than just the types of work a person will enjoy. The many components of abilities and personalities are contained within a persons interest profile.
Pope, M. (2000, Mar). A brief history of career counseling in the United States. The Career