Introduction
Enzymes are biological catalytic proteins that selectively increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy (energy required to start a chemical reaction) without being consumed by the reaction (Novozymes n.d.). Enzymes are highly specific; each enzyme catalyses only one chemical reaction with its specific substrate that binds to its active site. Thus, enzyme activity can be affected by various factors: substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, etc. Enzymes can also lose its function as they get denatured; denaturation of protein or enzyme is defined as the loss of protein’s normal three-dimensional structure causing it to lose its conformation and hence its ability to function.
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Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme which digests proteins that can be prevalently found in the pineapple juice or pineapple stem (BIOZYM n.d.). They digest proteins into amino acids through hydrolysis reaction. Bromelain contains one single polypeptide chain with 1 glycan per molecule. The amino acid on its NH2 amino group is valine, the COOH-terminal is glycine. It is often used to treat muscle injuries and as a digestive aid and a meat tenderizer. Substrates susceptible to bromelain include all of the common protein materials such as gelatin, casein, gluten, collagen, elastin, globulins and muscle fiber protein. Bromelain can survive for a week at room temperature and its optimum temperature is known to be between 35-45 degrees …show more content…
The difficulties faced were making sure the frozen pineapple did not melt on the way to the lab. Having a freezer for the students was supposed to help but our frozen pineapple was moved to another room and by the time we looked at it, it was already in liquid state. Luckily, it was still at 10 ºC and we were still able to use it as we set our frozen temperature range from 0 ºC to 10 ºC. I’ve also learned that there are so many unforeseeable errors introduced in the lab on the day of the experiment and we had to adapt accordingly and compromise to be able to still carry out the experiment efficiently. The experiment would have yielded better results if those errors were minimized and all of our constants remained totally constant. For this experiment, I bought the gelatin packs and fresh pineapples, blended and drained them at home and brought it to the lab while Steven, my partner blended and drained the canned pineapple juice from home. Prior to the experiment, we met up a couple times in the library to plan for our protocol and mostly discussed online and worked together on Google Docs. In the future, I would focus more on the possible errors and difficulties that might be introduced in the lab on the day of the experiment with my partner so that I am prepared with alternatives to deal with them if they were to come
Catalase is a common enzyme that is produced in all living organisms. All living organisms are made up of cells and within the cells, enzymes function to increase the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes function to create the same reactions using a lower amount of energy. The reactions of catalase play an important role to life, for example, it breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Our group developed an experiment to test the rate of reaction of catalase in whole carrots and pinto beans with various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Almost all enzymes are proteins and proteins are made up of amino acids. The areas within an enzyme speed up the chemical reactions which are known as the active sites, and are also where the
When this substrate fits into the active site, it forms an enzyme-substrate complex. This means that an enzyme is specific. The bonds that hold enzymes together are quite weak and so are easily broken by conditions that are very different when compared with their optimum conditions. When these bonds are broken the enzyme, along with the active site, is deformed, thus deactivating the enzyme. This is known as a denatured enzyme.
The shape of the molecules is changing and so the enzyme molecules can no longer fit into the gaps in the substrate that they need to and therefore the enzymes have de – natured and can no longer function as they are supposed to and cannot do their job correctly. Changing the temperature: Five different temperatures could be investigated. Water baths were used to maintain a constant temperature. Water baths were set up at 40 degrees, 60 degrees and 80 degrees (Celsius). Room temperature investigations were also carried out (20 degrees).
The data we gathered was tested to be as accurate as possible. Our prediction on the solvents did not support our data that we collected. The cause of this could be due to human error when washing the beets or the cutting of the beets. The beets were not perfectly cut the same size, so some beet pieces were bigger than others which can affect the final the final result. We followed each step and followed the time limits cautiously. I can say if we were to redo the experiment our results would be similar because we would attempt to do the experiment as close as we did the first
Proteins are one of the main building blocks of the body. They are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. Even smaller units create proteins; these are called amino acids. There are twenty different types of amino acids, and all twenty are configured in many different chains and sequences, producing differing protein structures and functions. An enzyme is a specialized protein that participates in chemical reactions where they serve as catalysts to speed up said reactions, or reduce the energy of activation, noted as Ea (Mader & Windelspecht).
needed to activate the reacting molecules. They are specific that usually act on only one type of substrate, so each of them just. perform one particular reaction. Furthermore, only a small amount of enzyme is needed every time to speed up a reaction. Enzymes are globular proteins that have a precise three-dimensional structure.
Enzymes are biological catalysts - catalysts are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being altered itself. Enzymes are also proteins that fold into complex shapes that allow smaller molecules to fit into them. The place where these substrate molecules fit is called the active site. The active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The active site consists of residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate and residues that catalyse a reaction of that substrate. (Clark, 2016)
The goal of this experiment is to determine which products are formed from elimination reactions that occur in the dehydration of an alcohol under acidic and basic conditions. The process utilized is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of a secondary and primary alcohol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol, and the base-induced dehydrobromination of a secondary and primary bromide, 1-bromobutane and 2-bromobutane. The different products formed form each of these reactions will be analyzed using gas chromatography, which helps understand stereochemistry and regioselectivity of each product formed.
In this lab, it was determined how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is affected by physical factors such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and substrate concentration affect. The question of what factors influence enzyme activity can be answered by the results of peroxidase activity and its relation to temperature and whether or not hydroxylamine causes a reaction change with enzyme activity. An enzyme is a protein produced by a living organism that serves as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and does so by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. With that energy reactants are brought together so that products can be formed.
Changes in pH lead to the breaking of the ionic bonds that hold the tertiary structure of the enzyme in place. The enzyme begins to lose. its functional shape, particularly the shape of the active site, such. that the substrate will no longer fit into it, the enzyme is said to. be denatured.
Benzyl bromide, an unknown nucleophile and sodium hydroxide was synthesized to form a benzyl ether product. This product was purified and analyzed to find the unknown in the compound.
Jim Clark. (2007). The effect of changing conditions in enzyme catalysis. Retrieved on March 6, 2001, from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/aminoacids/enzymes2.html
Enzymes are essential biological catalysts in the human body that biochemical reaction. Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy, the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur, which increases the rate of the reaction (Burdge, 2014). Enzymes catalyze reactions by applying pressure onto the bonds of the substrate which lowers the activation energy and breaks these bonds to form products. Even though some enzymes have been found to be non-proteins, most of them are globular proteins which possess an active site where the substrate attaches itself (Raven, 114). The two models that describe the manner in which substrates attach to enzymes are the lock-and-key model and the induced fit model. The lock-and-key model is used to explain an enzyme that fits to only one type of substrate. It is like a lock and key in the sense that only one lock can fit into a key, therefore, only one substrate can fit into the active site of an enzyme that follows this model. On the other hand, an enzyme that follows the induced fit model slightly changes its shape in order for the substrate to...
Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is important that a specific enzyme is present during the process. For example, lactase must be able to collaborate with lactose in order to break it down (Madar & Windelspecht, 105).
Enzymes are protein molecules that are made by organisms to catalyze reactions. Typically, enzymes speed up the rate of the reaction within cells. Enzymes are primarily important to living organisms because they help with metabolism and the digestive system. For example, enzymes can break larger molecules into smaller molecules to help the body absorb the smaller molecules faster. In addition, some enzyme molecules bind molecules together.