Breast cancer is a type of cancer originates from breast tissue, generally from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Cancers originating from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas whereas from ducts are called ductal carcinomas. (Ref: Breast Cancer, National Cancer Institute) Invasive breast cancer is breast cancer that has spread from the point of origin in the breast ducts/lobules to the surrounding normal tissue cells. In exceptional cases, breast cancer can start in at other sites in breast. Breast cancer occurs in both women and men, though male breast cancer is uncommon.
Many breast cancers are sensitive to the hormone estrogen. Thus estrogen leads to development of breast cancer tumor formation. Such cancers have cell surface receptors for estrogen. They are called ER-positive cancer or estrogen receptor-positive cancer.
Types of Breast Cancer:
Breast cancer can be invasive or noninvasive. If the cancer has spread from the milk duct or lobule to other tissues in the breast and leads to the severe tumor formation , it is Invasive Cancer. Noninvasive refers that the cancerous cells have not yet invaded other breast tissue. Noninvasive breast cancer is also termed as "in situ."
1. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) :
Also called intraductal carcinoma, is breast cancer in the lining of the milk ducts that has not yet invaded the surrounding tissues. It may advance to invasive cancer form if remain untreated.
2. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) :
This type is a marker for an amplified extent of invasive cancer risk in the same or both breasts.
Breast cancer can also occur in men.
- DCIS - ductal carcinoma in situ
- LCIS - lobular carcinoma in situ
- Invasive lobular breast cancer...
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...ved THr308 sequence in kinase domain.
In some organism PDK 2 activates AKT by phosphorylating it at S473 sequence in regulatory domain. Activated ATK further regulates many cellular downstream processes (Fig 2).
Regulation of PI 3 Pathway
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a protein encoded by PTEN gene. This protein is involved in the regulation of PI3 K/ AKT pathway. PTEN has dephosphorylation activity, it can remove phosphate group from the protein. In the cell it maintains the level of activated PIP3 by negatively regulating it. At high level of PIP 3 PTEN remove 5’-phosphate group from PIP3 and converts it back to inactivated PIP2 thus lowering the level of PIP3 which activates AKT.(Fig:3)
Mutation in PTEN can leads to cancer as it fails to down regulate PIP3 which activates AKT which up regulates cell proliferation and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
Most women want to have firm, perky and sexy breasts because it makes them feel good about themselves. However, over the years, factors such as aging, breastfeeding, weight fluctuations, pregnancy, heredity, gravity and others can have a toll on their breasts causing them to lose firmness and change shape. Sagging breasts are not only unsightly, but also cause embarrassment and to women. As a result, some are willing to go to any length to get their strong and firm breasts back. One of the medical procedures that can help women rectify the sagging is breast lift surgery.
Over the past decade breast cancer has become one of the most predominant diseases in the United States. Breast cancer starts out as a malignant tumor in the tissues of the breast which is formed from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, but it can also appear in men. (Stephan, 2010)
Cancer is beyond mutations. By definition, epigenetics is the change in gene translation that is caused by alterations not directly due to genetic mutations in the DNA sequence. The 2 main mechanisms are DNA methylation and covalent modification of histones. By methylation, certain molecular tags (methyl groups) bind to a specific sequence of a gene, that results in its disability hence incapable of being translated into its appropriate protein product. These changes affect the cell’s functions leaving its DNA unchanged. Epi is derived from Latin meaning above; hence an epigenetic configuration overlies our genetic predispositions.
About 12% of women in the United States will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, more than any other type of cancer (www.breastcancer.org, 2015). Many people lack the knowledge of how breast cancer is developed. Some people think they will not get cancer because they do not smoke cigarettes, but this is not the only cause of cancer developing in the breast. Anyone can get cancer. Everyone is potentially at risk for developing some form of Cancer (American Cancer Society, 2015).
Tumors are formed by the alteration of the body’s own cells. This can be caused by environmental factors such as radiation, like UV exposure, chemicals or viruses 1. These can disrupt genes that control growth and cause an increase in cell division and proliferation. Proto-oncogenes are those genes that control normal but essential cell processes that keep cell growth and death in check. Two important categories are apoptosis genes, which regulate cell death, and tumor suppressor genes, which decrease cell propagation 1 . If these genes were mutated to the point where they cannot produce a functioning protein, cell division would continue far past what it was supposed to and unhealthy cells would be allowed to live and continue to multiply. This is what creates a malignant tumor. Certain conditions in the body can also promote the growth of cancer cells. One of these is a deficiency of natural killer (NK) cells, which are able to kill cancer cells by creating a pore in the cell membrane with perforin and releasing granzymes into the cell. Low levels of perforin allow for tumor growth 1. Chronic inflammation can also ...
What is breast cancer? According to the National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Health breast cancer is a, “cancer that forms in tissues of the breast" (cancer.gov). More specifically breast cancer is a malignant tumor that grows inside the breast tissue. What happens is one cell in the tissue does not get the stop signal and keeps dividing into this big mass. This big mass continues to grow and grow and could eventually taking over space that is meant for other tissue or getting into the blood stream taking the dividing cells elsewhere. Breast cancer normally starts in one of two places.
Breast cancer I often caused by inheritance. A mutated gene for breast cancer is passed down to other generations. This makes a person for likely to acquire breast cancer. Some breast cancer is caused by acquired mutations to the breast tissue from radiation, or cancer-causing chemicals. The most common treatment for breast cancer is surgery. This is the removal of partial, or all of the affected breast. This can seem like drastic measures for most women because they are having a part of them that makes them women taken away. Therefore, other forms of treatment include, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and bone-directed therapy.
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. The signs of breast cancer might include a change in the breast size, dimpling of the skin on your body, a lump in the breast, fluid coming from the breast nipple, or ever red patchy skin around the breast. When the breast cancer spreading, there might be swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, yellow skin or bone aches. Women in the U.S. have a 1 in 8 chance of evolving an aggressive form of breast cancer during their lifetime. When breast cancer is aggressive, it starts in the breast glands but grows into breast tissue. There are many treatments of breast cancer, there is no cure found yet. However they are effective treatments out there to handle breast cancer patients. Breast cancer treatments will depend on what type of breast cancer you have developed, also where your cancer has spread. The breast cancer patient would work with their doctor to come up with a plan that 's best for them to improve their health. There is two types of aggressive cancer, one is the ductal carcinoma. This is the most type of cancer a lot of breast cancer patients have, making up about 80%. Cancer cells start in a milk canal, break through the walls, and invade breast tissue. It can continue constrained, which mean that it stays around where the tumor was first started. On the other hand cancer cells may spread anywhere in the body. Invasive lobular carcinoma is about 10% of aggressive breast cancers. Dealing with ILC most women feel a thickening around or in their breast instead of a lump in their breast. Sadly some women might have signs of the combination of both. These are most asked questions with dealing with aggressive cancer. Like what upsurges the...
At least one mutation in the AKT1 gene has been found to cause Proteus syndrome, a rare condition characterized by overgrowth of the bones, skin, and other tissues. This mutation changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in AKT1 kinase. Specifically, it replaces the amino acid
These tumors can be benign (NOT cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors won’t spread but it can damage tissues around it. Malignant tumors invade, damage, and destroy nearby tissues and can spread. Cancer can spread throughout the body when cancer cells break away from malignant tumors and enter the bloodstream. Cancer cells from breast cancer are mostly found in the lymph nodes under the arm when it “spreads.
Breast cancer is a type of cancer where cells in the breast divide and grow without normal control. By the time a lump is big enough to feel, it may have been growing for at least ten years, and by that time, it is harder to control how fast the cancer will grow or spread to other parts of the breast, and maybe even other parts of the body.
Cancer occurs when mutations in the DNA cause uncontrolled cell proliferation and hence tumor formation. Cancer causing genes can be divided into two classes: 1.) Tumor suppressor genes 2.) Oncogenes. Tumor suppressors if underexpressed are unable to check cell proliferation, resulting in tumor formation. On the other hand, the same results if proto-oncogenes (the precursors of oncogenes) are overexpressed or activated. Isolating the causal genes in colorectal cancer, we identified 54 genes that in various capacities play an important role in the same. On screening on the basis of target site mutations we narrowed this down to 34 major genes. Around 40% of these genes show tumor suppressor properties and apart from them, others point to a number of biological processes and molecular functions such as phosphorylation, regulation and modification of proteins, binding and signaling.
Personally, I have never had breast cancer nor has anyone in my immediate family had breast cancer, so I don’t know how physically hard it can be when you have that disease. A family friend had breast cancer and most the time she seemed happy and painless, but other times she looked sad and in a lot of pain. I could not image the pain and the fight you must go through, and the different treatments needed to cure the breast cancer. Depending on the type of breast cancer, can be painful. The biggest method people try to decrease the amount of pain they have while having cancer is chemotherapy.
Breast Cancer As defined by Majure, breast cancer is an “uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells” (Majure: 110). It is also one of the cancers that women fear the most. Not only do women get diagnosed with breast cancer, men do too. However, it isn't as bad, or as common, in men as it is in women, so doctors don’t recommend screening for men.
Since I can remember, there have been so many memories created with Aunt Jill from toddler photo shoots with my cousin Jessica, to jet skiing around the lake last summer. During the summer of 2014 Jill was diagnosed with stage four breast cancer and I thought that this was the end, possibly the last time that I would see her, but that was not the case. She fought long and hard through chemotherapy, and was cancer free but it came back in her lymph nodes in 2016, but this time the fight was not as easy. She went through many different treatments and surgeries, hoping that they would all help in the long run. It was a hot summer day at the end of July, and I was preparing to go paint “Senior” on my car with friends, but my dad got the call and quickly told me, “Aunt Jill has been admitted the hospital and is not doing too well, she might not make it through the night”.