This review focuses on minimizing losses associated with bovine dystocia. Annual financial losses sustained by the United States’ beef and dairy industries are substantial. Studies have shown that thirty-three percent of all of calf death losses in the United States are due to dystocia. Many producers have responded by implementing management practices which have led to a decline in overall occurrences. Current information suggests that additional dystocial births could be circumvented by identifying and removing genetically prone individuals from the herd’s breeding program. Implementation of tests such as genome wide association studies and comparative hormone concentration tests may prove to be useful in this identification process. Despite …show more content…
(1987) was designed to identify the most common causes of death in new born calves. Over a fifteen year period, researchers collected and performed necropsies on calves whose deaths occurred from birth to weaning and determined cause of death for each. Fifty-one percent of all calf deaths were determined to be due to dystocia. Of the calves which had been assigned a dystocia score, 52.6% were reported as being delivered without assistance. Hence, the authors postulated that as much as 50%, of calf death loss would have been prevented if timely, correct obstetric intervention had been administered. Minimizing the frequency and effects of bovine dystocia becomes a basic element in increasing production and reproduction within the cow-calf operation. This paper reviews international literature on dystocia. Focus is given to understanding prevalence, cumulative losses associated with pathological conditions which result following complications of dystocia, methods of prevention, and methods identifying parturition onset. The objective is to initiate a basis to compare and select potential methods to prevent dystocia and predict onset of the parturient …show more content…
Research suggests that GWAS testing could be used to predict which dams and sires are likely to have a genetic propendency towards dystocial (DYS/mat and DYS/dir) births. Additionally, monitoring estrogen and progesterone hormone concentrations during the last week of gestation can be useful in predicting which animals will be expected to have dystocia due to a hormone imbalance. Monitoring hormone levels can also provide a method for predicting the time frame in which a cow is likely to
...and the administration of GnRH. Although at the present point time the administration of these treatments, is not economically sustainable due to added time and cost factors it has been seen through long term studies that the use of these vaccines in the regulation of the reproductive cycles, of mares and stallions can provide a more sustainable and ethical method of control that reduces overall population of brumbies and herd sizes.
The use of horses for human consumption dates back to the earliest use of animals for human consumption. Horses are used for food in many counties but are also considered inhumane in other countries. In the United States specifically, horsemeat is not the norm for consumed meat. There seems to be a problem that has arisen. It is suspected that horses being slaughtered at horse slaughtering factories are not the most up to date, pain free for the horse, and human as people suspect them to be like beef kill floors.
Mad cow disease, also knows as BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) is an transferable disease which slowly attacks the brain and nervous system of cattle. There isn’t any cure for the disease. The first case of BSE in Canada was a cow that had been imported from the United Kingdom in 1987 at the age of six months. The animal was destroyed upon the discovery of the disease and the Canadian government banned imports from the United Kingdom. This report relates to unit 4 in terms of the economic and industrial overview of the disease in Canada. This report is on the second discovery of mad cow disease in Canada and how it affected Canada economy and Alberta’s beef industry.
A growing issue in the world today is the use of antibiotics and growth hormones in the animal production industry. However, for over sixty years, Americans have been exposed to hormones on a regular basis when they consume beef. Organic Consumer Association: On average, eighty percent of all feedlot cattle are given hormones to help them grow at an increased rate. (Communication Foundation) “In 1988 the European Union banned the use of all hormone growth promoters.” (Organic Consumer Association)
Either by infertility or the fact of not fulfill the conditions Male-Female to conceive a child, the use of ART has been being in the last decades the answer to this problem in all gynecological clinics in the world frequently unregulated and uncontrolled. A s...
Although cows administered rBSTs may theoretically produce more milk, they tend to have more health issues than non-treated cows. One way this manifests is reduced pregnancy rates in cattle. Some studies have shown that rBST-treated cows are 40% less fertile than their untreated counterparts (Organic Valley, 2012). Inherently, low fertility negatively affects a herd, because maximum reproduction allows for genetic diversity. A limited gene pool in any species increases the risk for mutations in the offspring. Fortunately, not enough cows are currently treated with growth hormone for this to be a major issue; however, awareness of the possible risks in hormone treatment is imperative to maintain healthy livestock. C...
When researching diseases that affect animals, I chose to research one that deals with cattle. This disease would be a reproductive venereal disease called vibriosis. Vibriosis can affect all breeds of cattle, male or female, and is the most important cause of infertility in female cattle along with occasional abortions. This disease is caused by bacteria that live in the crevices of a bull’s prepuce, of a bull aged four years or older (Hansen, 1914). Age is a factor because the foreskin of a bull does not develop until then. The disease is spread from an infected bull to a cow during breeding. A bull might be clean, but then infected by a cow who was infected by a bull before him. Many bulls can go years without showing any signs of this disease, whereas female cattle may lose a calf to an abortion the next coming calving season.
The method used to study the hypothesis was by having 328 women completed five surveys up to 72 hours postpartum. They were between the ages of 18-42. Out of the group 68.6% were married or living with a partner and 43.3% had a job. The average number of years the women spent in school was 8.8yrs. More than half (59.2%), did not complete high school and only 2% (6) completed higher education. From the group, 19.2% of them had a miscarriage before. More than half (51.5%) had already had a baby before, and 22.1% had a high risk pregnancy. These surveys included the peritraumatic dissociative experience questionnaire (PDEQ), the socio-demographic and obstetrical questionnaire, the pain numeric rating scale, the Trauma History Questionnaire, and the SCID-I for traumatic events. The female participants were recruited from two maternity facilities which were located in Recife, Brazil. Participation for this experiment was voluntary and the participants were informed that if they did not wish to take part in the experiment their future care would not be affected. Out of the women asked to participated 30 refused and 328 took part in the examination. The requirements for women to participate were: 18yrs or older, up to 72 hours postpartum, and the baby was alive at the time of the interview. Women who were under treatment for a psychiatric disorder were excluded. Between July 2010 and November 2010, data was collected.
Pseudocyesis can cause multiple things including depression.Some may believe in their pregnancy to the point of delusion and they may show signs of depression when there is no baby present on the date of birth. “Depression is merely anger without enthusiasm”. The majority of pseudocystic females deteriorate from slight to critical depression. During the development of a woman’s pregnancy she becomes attached to the embryo and when it is time for the birth and no child is present it becomes depressing due to mental dispute. Not being able to have a child can leave a woman to f...
Metabolism is extremely altered during the transition period. The prepartum is marked by an accentuated fetus growth (Bauman and Bruce Currie, 1980) and the onset of lactation; however, the postpartum is marked by an increase in milk production over time and deficit on the intake of nutrients. This situation causes a negative balance of nutrients, when the intake of nutrients does not meet the requirements of the animal; more specifically about energy, it is well-known that transition cows undergo negative energy balance (NEB), and it is easily characterized by body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) loss. Bertics et al., 1992, and Hayirli et al., 2002, observed that DMI is affected during the prepartum period, showing a decrease of about 30% on the last couple weeks before parturition. After parturition, DMI increases to support mainly the demands for lactation but it is still not enough to meet the animal demands (NRC, 2001). DMI is directly related to milk yield and strategies have been developed to maximize intake in order to increase milk production, this shows its importance by the fact of an increase of about 1 kg on milk production at peak of lactation reflects about 200 kg of extra milk on the current lactation. Providing quality feed and maximizing DMI during the transition period is of high importance in minimizing NEB and its detrimental effects consequently improving milk production. Metabolic demands are increased to support lactation, and homeorhetic adaptations occur to partition nutrients to the mammary gland. A good example it is the glucose metabolism, an important metabolite used as main fuel for cells and also transformed in lactose by the mammary gland, which is affected in order of trying to meet th...
Blowey, R. W. (1990). A Veterinary Book for Dairy Farmer (Third ed.). Old Pont Publishing Ltd.
An abundance of Americans have no idea that most of the food that they consume are either processed or altered in one way or another. “Almost all beef cattle entering feedlots in the United States are given hormone implants to promote faster growth. The first product used for this purpose is DES (diethylstilbestrol) it was approved for use in beef cattle in 1954. An estimated two-thirds of the nation's beef cattle were treated with DES in 1956. (Swan, Liu, Overstreet, Brazil, and Skakkebaek)” Many people enjoy the various meats that comes from a cow, but that would probably change if the consumers knew that cattle is one of the most processed meat source in the market today because of the synthetic hormones that the cows are given. “ The three synthetic hormones are the estrogen compound zeranol, the androgen trenbolone acetate, and progestin melengestrol acetate. (Swan, Liu, Overstreet, B...
They are in the central of human culture and represent one of the most important domesticated animals (Loftus et al. 1994). The evolution and domestication of cattle have been always contentious research particularly in determining the relationship between the two main types of cattle the humped zebu and hump less taurine. Due to the economic importance of cattle, morphological and genetic differences observed between the two subspecies are still an active area of research and speculations (David et al. 1997). India is rich in dairy animal diversity. It has diverse and distinguishing cattle genetic resources which led to their domestication some 10000 years
Cows are naturally very gentle and calm creatures. These smart and sweet natured animals have been known to go to great lengths to escape slaughterhouses. More than forty-one million of these sensitive animals suffer and die a painful death each year in the United States. When cows are still very young they are burned with hot irons, there testicles are torn or cut off, all without painkillers. Most beef cattle are born in one state, live in another, and are slaughtered in another. The cows who survive the gruesome transportation process are shot in the head with a bolt gun, hung upside down by there legs, and taken onto the killing floor where there throats
"Transactions of the Washington Obstetrical and Gynecological Society."Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2014.