The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is a scientific framework that is used to classify the drug substances on the basis of their intestinal permeability and aqueous solubility . BCS is known as a drug product regulation tool for scale-up and post-approval challenges in worldwide . The objective of the BCS is to provide a regulatory tool to predict in vivo performance of drug products by conducting in vitro dissolution tests or measurements of permeability and solubility. The other significances of BCS include it can save cost , time and can be applied in both clinical and pre-clinical drug development . Knowledges of BCS helps the scientist to choose the suitable drug products which are formulated based on mechanistic rather than …show more content…
BCS Class I drug exhibit a high absorption number and a high dissolution number. They are easily absorbed and absorption usually faster than excretion . They have rapid therapeutic activities and are ideal for oral route . Basically , in vitro- In vivo correlation (IVIVC) can not be expected in BCS Class I drugs . The examples of drugs in Class I are propranolol , verapamil and metoprolol . Drug for BCS Class II has high permeability and low solubility properties . For examples , ketoprofen , bicalutamide , naproxen , phenytoin , carbamazepine and aceclofenac . Solvation rate of the drugs in BCS Class II are limited by their bioavailability . Besides that , a correlation between the in vitro solvation and in vivo bioavailability can be established in this class . They are controlled released drugs and involved in oral or IV route for administration …show more content…
The particle size distribution of the solid particles in nanosuspensions is usually less than one micron with an average particle size ranging between 200 and 600 nm . Nanosuspension is efficient for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs , which is applied to poorly soluble drugs that are insoluble in both oils and water . Furthermore , homogenization and wet milling are the methods for the preparation of nanosuspensions .Other technique involves the spraying of a drug solution in a volatile organic solvent into a heated aqueous solution. The nanosuspension approach has been employed for drugs including tarazepide, atovaquone, amphotericin B, paclitaxel and bupravaquone. Basically , lyophilisation or spray drying can be implemented to dry the nanosuspensions
...s the change in the temperature of both of these batches, 6°C for the pure, and 13°C for the crude. In this final sub-section of the Characterization of Aspirin, the values of absorbance were recorded. Initially, 0.0566 grams and 0.0590 grams of pure and crude Aspirin respectively were obtained and each individually placed into beakers (400 milliliter) and had 250.0 milliliters of distilled water added to them. From each beaker, a tiny amount of the just dissolved solutions was transferred to a cuvette, one cuvette for each type of aspirin. Each cuvette was placed into the ultraviolent spectroscopy mechanism which was connected to a computer and absorbance spectrum values were obtained at 298 nm (Figure 5) (0.1987 pure aspirin, and 0.9549 crude aspirin).
The analysis is therefore one of the most effective methods of ensuring that each drug being prescribed to patients is safe. It also ensures that all drug components are understood in terms of their structure and chemical behavior. This understanding is very important in the manufacture of drugs and other pharmaceutical products.
This paper discusses pharmacology and terminology related to “Pharmacology” which is the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs“ pharmacology. 2015. In Merriam-Webster.com. The study of different classes of drugs, routes of absorption, and drugs have effects on those consuming them. There are drugs that are necessary for illnesses and healing but, there are medicines that cause concern regarding interaction and harming the body.
In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ...
Discuss the possible drug and excipient-related constrains of the formulation (no identity of the drug was given to you at this
Throughout many generations the success of medicine has been dog-eared throughout history, from penicillin being created through colonized bacteria on an agar plate to chemotherapy being used to combat the ailments of cancer, we as a society rely a great deal on the effectiveness of medicine. Due to this realization one can agree that it is imperative that the medications that are being distributed and placed on the pharmaceutical market are tested and analyzed at all angles and perspectives to ensure they work effectively and successfully resulting in moderate to no side effects. The progressive industry of medicine has greatly increased since the early nineties thanks to the advancement in medical technology making
The term nanocarriers includes a wide range of different nanosized drug delivery systems. The oldest and at the same time the most clinically established nanocarriers are liposomes, spheres composed of an aqueous core surrounded by one or more concentric lipid bilayers. They are suited for the encapsulation of both hydrophillic and hydrophobic drugs, respectively in the aqueous core and whitin the lipid membrane (Hafner e.a. 2014). Liposomes increase thus the solubility of hydrophobic compounds, they enable trapping of drug molecules with a high potency, they reduce systemic side effects and toxicity and they attenuate drug clearance (Riehemann e.a. 2009)
The Merck Manuals. (2008). The Merck Manuals. Retrieved from The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library: http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ag/sec07/ch107/ch107b.html
As we discussed above that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics can be seen as two sides of the same coin in order to gain better understanding of their efficacy and safety profiles.” Generally it is possible to make fairly robust predictions of the pharmacokinetic profile in man using in vitro systems and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. A previously published survey on the causes of failure in drug development indicated that inappropriate pharmacokinetics were a major cause such as; factors as low bioavailability due to high extraction or poor absorption characteristics, short elimination half-life leading to short duration of action and excessive variability due to genetic or environmental factors. This observation has led to an increased emphasis on pharmacokinetic input to the drug discovery process throughout the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is important to realise that this may only permit the rejection of compounds to b...
For a drug to get to market it must go through several stages of research and development (Abbott and Vernon). Starting with discovery research, preclinical testing on animals, three phases of clinical trials on humans, and finally FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approval (Abbott and Vernon). Out of several thousands of drugs only a few will make it to the FDA approval stage (Abbott and Vernon). Testing is a highly regulated, time consuming, and expensive process. From beginning to end the process can take fifteen years and less than one of five compounds will make it to market where it is still not guaranteed to succeed (Abbott and
trials of investigation medical products. The FDA also has to review and approve in a
What is the Lymphatic System you say? Here I will give you some information about this disease. The Lymphatic system is where a network of tissues and organs help each other to get rid of any toxins that may be present to the body.
FDA. (2010). FDA Briefing Document: NDA 22529 Lorqess (lorcaserin hydrochloride) Tablets, 10 mg. Sponsor: Arena Pharmaceuticals Advisory Committee. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/drugs/endocrinlogicalandmetabolicdrugsadvisorycommittee/ucm225631.pdf
People sent him plants from all over the world, and he would devise a way
Many people don't know what biomedical engineers do. A biomedical engineer’s job is actually quite interesting. They analyze and create solutions to improving the quality and effectiveness of patient care. They also design technology to accommodate the needs of people with disabilities. They have a big role in helping people begin new lives. The main job of a biomedical engineer is to help create prosthetic limbs or organs for those who are in need of one.