FASDs is a umbrella term with four diagnosises under it: - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - Partial FAS (PFAS) - Static encephalopathy/Alcohol Exposed (SE/AE) - Neurobehavioral Disorder/Alcohol Exposed (ND/AE) A Umbrella Term Studies show that 60% of individuals with FASD over the age of 12 have had trouble with the law or have been charged with or convicted of a crime (Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, Vol 25, Issue 4, pp.228-238, Aug. 2004) - Problems with the heart, kidneys, or bones - Abnormal facial features - Small head size - Shorter-than-average height - Low body weight - Poor reasoning and judgment skills - Sleep and sucking problems as a baby - Poor coordination - Hyperactive behavior - Difficulty
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has two main core criteria, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5). The first of the two criteria is ‘Persistent Deficits in Social Communication and Interaction across Multiple Contexts’ under which there are three categories. The first being deficits in social emotional reciprocity which may include atypical social approach and failure of the back and forth exchange of normal conversation. In addition, there may be a failure to respond or initiate social interaction as well as reduced emotions, interest or effect sharing. In the scenario ‘Ben loves Trains’ it is indicated that Ben is content to play alone for hours, he doesn’t interact with his sister in
Jenson, Jeffrey and Howard, Matthew. "Youth Crime, Public Policy, and Practice in the Juvenile Justice System: Recent Trends and Needed Reforms." Social Work 43 (1998): 324-32
Soulier, Matthew F. and Scott L. Charles. "Juveniles in Court." Harvard Review of Psychiatry (Nov 2010): 317-325.
DK, a 20 year old, white female displays characteristics of a personality disorder, specifically a cluster B “Dramatic” personality disorder. Cluster B personality disorders include antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic disorders (Comer, 2015). People with a “Dramatic” personality disorder display dramatic, erratic, or emotional behaviors, which hinder their ability to have meaningful, long-lasting relationships with others (Comer, 2015). In the particular case of DK, her behaviors seem to correlate with borderline personality disorder.
Progar, J. (2012). Review of juveniles at risk: A plea for preventive justice. Journal Of Youth And Adolescence, 41(12), 1702-1704. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9841-0
Scientists have been focusing on the impact of genes on behavior and the development of psychological disorders. This research has contributed to the understanding of many disorders, specifically substance-related disorders.
Gabel, Katherine & Johnston, Denise. (1995). Children of Incarcerated Parents. New York, N.Y.: Lexington Books.
Schmalleger, Frank, Criminal Justice A Brief Introduction, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education Inc. , 2010, Page 387
Youths who have entered the justice system have often been diagnosed with mental disorders or diseases. “A majority of adolescents formally involved in juvenile court have at least one, if not more than one, significant emotional or learning impairment, or maltreatment experience” (Mallet, 2013). The existence of these diseases often effect the juvenile’s stability and ability to make rational decisions. Which may result in them engaging in criminal activities The prevalence of disruptive behavior disorders among youths in juvenile justice systems is reported to be between 30 percent and 50 percent (The mental health needs of juvenile offenders). The difficulties of these disorders are often
Thompson, W, & Bynum, J. (1991). Juvenile delinquency. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
Krisberg, B. A. & Temin, C. E. (2001). The plight of children whose parents are in prison. National Council on Crime Delinquency. Available:F:USERSEveryoneWEBSITE ARTICLESChildren of Incarcerated Parents Newsletter.wpd
Internationally it is estimated that the number of individuals born with FASD ranges from 1-3 per 1000 live births in the general population to as many as 9.1 per 1000 live births among high-risk populations, making FASD a substantial global concern.
for youngsters who have a long history of convictions for less serious felonies for which the juvenile court disposition has not been effective” (qtd. in Katel).
Snyder, H. & Sickmund, M. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, page 66. Washington D.C. 1999.
Barbara Sims &Pamela Preston, “Handbook of Juvenile Justice Theory and Practice” (2006),CRC Press ( pg.78-87)