The most effective therapy to treat depression is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. (CBT) was coined in the 1960’s by Dr. Aaron T. Beck. Beck was a psychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania where he studied and practiced psychoanalysis. His main goal was to carry out experiments to test psychoanalytic concepts of depression. In his finding he came across patients experiencing steams of negative thoughts. These thoughts usually happened spontaneously and where then named- automatic thoughts. Everyone suffers from these thoughts, some more than others. The more he studied the more he realized these thoughts could easily be put into three categories: thoughts about themselves, the world, or the future. His goal was to help patients realize …show more content…
Though most people associate this theory with B.F Skinner, the roots go back to John Watson, an American psychologist. After speaking out on his apposing views of Freud’s theory of psychology, he pioneered a new school of thought- behaviorism. Watson explained it to be the science of observable behavior which he believed was the only form of behavior that could be of real value for the study of humans. His sole reason for apposing Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind was because it was not observable and was based on the psychologist’s own interpretation. “Watson found this emphasis on introspection and subjective interpretation to be very unscientific and unhelpful in understand behavior,” (Weibell, 2011). While Watson focused on classical conditioning, B.F Skinner developed operant conditioning, which gave him the name “father of operant conditioning”. “…it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response” (McLeod, …show more content…
Behavior that makes sense to a depressed person causes low levels of positive reinforcement, behavioral interventions counter the tendency to avoid and withdraw oneself. This increases the patient’s sense of self-efficacy and address needs of self-care that were neglected during the depressive episodes. The first step in this process if for the client to monitor current activity levels and- with the therapist’s help- assign a schedule of enjoyable activities. The assignments are set for the times that the client has increasing depressive symptoms in order for the client to note the changes that cure in their mood at this time. The experiment tests the faulty predictions the clients make about their successes and failures. The therapist also helps the client make step-by-step plans for the activities that cause the most anxiety in the client. When the client is instructed to do specific activities, it becomes obvious to the therapist their patterns of withdrawal and avoidance, making it easier to evaluate. Behavioral activation also ensures that future social interactions become more rewarding because skill deficits are targeted (Sudak, 2012). In the article, “Behavioral Activation Strategies for Major Depression in Transdiagnostic Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy”, Todd J. Farchione, James F. Boswell, and Julianne G. Wilner use a case study in order to back up the theory that when using CBT, BA is an effective strategy to
This paper will have two sections: The first section will be a brief explanation on what is depression. In addition, what is the percentage of depress people in the United States. Furthermore, it will discuss in details several theories that are best suited to treat depression disorder. Moreover, the theories that will be briefly discussed are as follows: Cognitive Therapy (CT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT). The second section will be a summary of a counseling session the learner had with a client and the treatment that was given to help alleviate and ceased the depression from reoccurring.
...d that in four treatment trials, cognitive therapy for depression is superior to pharmacotherapy in reducing relapse, or the need for further treatment. (Blackburn, Eunson & Bishop, 1986; Simons, Murphy, Levine & Wetzel, 1986; Evans, Hollon, De Rubeis, Piasecki, Grove, Garves & Tuason, 1992; Shea, Elkin, Imber, Sotsky, Watkins, Collins, Pilkonis, Leber, Krupnick, Dolan & Parloff, 1992). Therefore, it can be seen that many qualitative and quantitative reviews now conclude that cognitive therapy effectively treats depression, or is at least comparable, if not, superior to medication treatment, and may have lower rates of relapse in comparison to medication treatments. As a result, the implications of the cognitive theory and the treatment used to process Beck’s theory, cognitive therapy, has been a successful treatment in regarding depression, and many other diseases.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, CBT, is a theoretical approach to counseling that involves the restructuring of a persons’ negative thoughts into something more positive. An example in the book, Helping Professionals, describes a husband arriving home late from work and how the wife can change her mindset to be more positive as to why he was late. If she thinks that he is stuck in traffic, she might be mad at the situation but not at home, if she thinks that he is going out with friends because he is falling out of love with her, she will be mad and hurt and that can cause great turmoil in their lives. By changing the way someone thinks about situations, it can change their emotion and in turn their behavior. There are many techniques that work
Skinners studies included the study of pigeons that helped develop the idea of operant conditioning and shaping of behavior. His study entailed making goals for pigeons, if the goal for the pigeon is to turn to the left, a reward is given for any movement to the left, the rewards are supposed to encourage the left turn. Skinner believed complicated tasks could be broken down in this way and taught until mastered. The main belief of Skinner is everything we do is because of punishment and reward (B.F. Skinner).
This assignment was conducted with myself as the counsellor and Olivia, a fellow classmate, as the client. A fifteen minute counselling session occurred and was recorded, in order for students to be able to critically analyze their counselling skills. Olivia felt the need to talk with a counsellor due to the pressure she is experiencing trying to fit all of her commitments into her weekly schedule. Olivia is currently struggling with splitting her time between her family, friends, school, and new fitness goals. Throughout this counselling session various techniques were used in the beginning stage, action stage and ending stage of the counselling session. These techniques were used throughout these stages of counselling to gain information
Imagine you are married with children; your child has been acting different lately, so you take them to the doctor. Once there you find out that they have a mental illness. What do you do? Over the years, it has been estimated that around twenty percent of children worldwide are suffering from a form of mental illness such as Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Schizophrenia, and Anxiety Disorders. Ultimately, parents of these children end up struggling with their own psychological, emotional, social, and economic challenges while providing for their child with the mental illness. Raising a child with mental illness can be a challenge, but through increased knowledge and adjusted attitudes parents can be more prepared.
Beck, A. (1978). Cognitive therapy of depression (The Guildford Clinical Psychology and psychopathology series). New York, N.Y : Guildford Press.
Psychodynamic therapy, focuses on unconscious mind and how past experiences, inner thoughts, fears, and emotions The main goal of psychodynamic therapy is for clients to be self-aware of the past and how it effects who they are in the present. This type of therapy focuses on the underlying problems and emotions that influenced the client’s behavior. (Psych Central, 2016)
Skinner, was born in 1904, and received his masters in psychology from Harvard in 1930 and his doctorate there a year later (Boeree, 2006). After spending time as a professor at the University of Minnesota and then the head of the psychology department at Indiana University, Skinner returned to Harvard as a professor in 1948 and remained there for the rest of his career (Skinner, n.d.). Skinner is renowned for his contributions to the study of human behavior and his theory of operant conditioning. The operant conditioning theory being based upon the idea that a positive consequence following a particular behavior will then increase the tendency to repeat the behavior. His theories led to the therapy technique of behavior modification, in which an undesirable behavior is addressed by removing the positive reinforcer and replacing it with a desirable behavior by reinforcement (Boeree, 2006).
A behavioral intervention plan (BIP) is designed for a specific child to try to help that child learn to change her or his behavior. Once the function of a student 's behavior has been determined, the Individual Education Program (IEP) Team should develop the behavior intervention plan A behavioral intervention plan can be thought of as a plan to support the student in order to help him or her change behavior. Effective support plans consist of multiple interventions or support strategies and are not punishment. Positive behavioral intervention plans increase the acquisition and use of new alternative skills, decrease the problem behavior and facilitate general improvements in the quality of life of the individual, his or her family, and
Waketa Robinson B.F. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory Team Project James Jones December 1, 2015 Introduction As the 1920s came to an end John B. Watson had departed academic psychology bringing about the innovative theories of other behaviorists that had become influential as well and brought forth new methods of learning other than conventional conditioning. One of the most significant of these was Burrhus Frederic Skinner whose views were marginally less extreme than those of Watson. Skinner understood that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is merely more fruitful to study observable behavior rather than internal mental measures.
The general practices of a Clinical Psychologist is to asses patients, diagnose disorders and recommend possible treatments. They integrate scientific theories, understand, and focus on intellectual, emotional, biological, social and behavioral adjustments. They allow people to vent and cope with their feelings while determining what exact type of treatment would best suit them and their emotional well-being. To become a Clinical Psychologist it can become a very difficult and distressing job and it may or can become overwhelming. However with the right patience and comfortable adjustments one can assess and help another cope with their mental instability.
“Behavior theory consists of ideas about how human actions and emotions develop, are sustained, and are extinguished through principles of learning” (Walsh, 2010). Positive and negative reinforcement is used to help manipulate the behaviors of the individual. The theory has been used to help eliminate unwanted behaviors. In addition, behavior theory has been use primarily with children, and persons with developmental disabilities. According to Walsh (2010) behavior theory evolved in the 1960s from a field of philosophy to the field of science. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, which plays a major role in behavioral theory. Classical conditioning is the process of learning through ones surroundings, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli and response. B. F. Skinner discovered operant conditioning the process of learning to influence the future responses to the environment (Clark, 2004). The two concepts has been used throughout the behavior theory to help assist clients with unacceptable behaviors that is occurring. The combination of the two concepts has been a very helpful aspect to the behavior theory. Both concepts offer a different approach or solution to the behavior of the client.
The two researchers that really shaped this belief are Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner. Ivan Pavlov researched the digestive systems of dogs to discover the classical conditioning process, which demonstrated that this learning process could be used to make an association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. B.F. Skinner came up with the concept of operant conditioning, which showed the effect of punishments and reinforcements on behavior. Through operant conditioning, a connection is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. The basic principles of behaviorism are widely used today, in many situations ranging from parenting to education.
Mental health refers to the state of individuals psychologically, emotionally and socially. Mental health affects a person’s emotions, feelings, thoughts, and sections when exposed to different situations. Furthermore, mental health is responsible for a person’s reaction to stress and other social conditions. Generally, mental health affects how a person relates to others and their ability to understand and interact with them. Therefore, problems that affect a person’s mental health affect the abilities to socialize, their feelings, moods, reaction to situations. The person experiencing mental health problem may portray different behaviors when confronted with different issues. Mental health issues have several