Basic Elements of Robotics
What makes a robot? What is a robot? Well the term robot originally comes from Russia. A Czeck playwright, Karek Capek wrote a play in 1921 (translated in 1923) called "R.U.R.:Rossum's Universal Robots.". The word he adapted is the Czech word "robota" meaning "servitude" or "statute labour". Although the play, which was only run of the mill Science Fiction, faded into history, the word he used remain and now standard in most languages, and means generally the same everywhere. The word "Robot" can also be translated as mechanical slave. This same word has had many other words either linked or created because of it. Some examples are: "Android", "Droid", "'Bot", and "Robotics"
Issac Asimov is credited with `coining' the word robotics, which means the study of robots. He then formulated the famous "Three Laws of Robotics" which are:
1. A Robot may not harm a human or though inaction allow a human to come to harm
2. A Robot must obey commands given to it, except where they conflict with the First Law.
3. A Robot must maintain it’s own existence, except where it conflicts with the First or Second Law
However later, after feeling these to be insufficent he added a "Zeroth Law" which is: "A Robot may not harm humanity or through inaction allow humanity to come to harm". The revised laws of robotics is:
1. A Robot may not harm humanity or though inaction allow a humanity to come to harm
2. A Robot may not harm a human or though inaction allow a human to come to harm, except where it conflicts with the Zeroth Law
3. A Robot must obey commands given to it, except where they conflict with the Zeroth or First Law
4. A Robot must persevere it's own existence, except where it conflicts with the Zerot...
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... actual sensors take many shapes and forms. Generally the sensors used by robots are:
· Visual sensors
· Inertial, Acceleration and Heading sensors
· Range finding devices
· Force/torque, accelerometers, tactile sensors
· Sonar sensors
· Pan/tilt mechanisms
· Measuring linear motion
· Interfacing sensors
Actuators used in robotics is almost always a combination of different electro-mechanical devices. Sometimes robots use hydraulics, particularly in the car building industry. The electro-mechanical devices range from `muscle-wires' to inexpensive RC-servo and motors. There are several types of motors available including:
· Synchronous
· Stepper
· AC servo
· Brush less DC servo
· Brushed DC servo
These are then connected to cable, gears, axles, pulleys and alike to give the robot movement, and the ability to interact with it's environment.
to be more than robotic, there must be something not just unknown but still undecided”
In this paper, I will explore ethical issues to the artificial intelligence. In Wallach and Allen coauthored “Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong”, they explore on many theories and practical issues for AMAs. I will use this book to interpret Wallach and Allen’s ideas of ethical design.
The story is an adaptation of Asimov’s short story which warned about the future and about technology. It takes place in Chicago in 2035 and to this time robots are a part of the everyday life. There is no way one could imagine a life without robotics. The company who develop the robots, U.S.R., is about to bring out the new robots, NS-5. But the business is overshadowed by the suicide of the developer Alfred Lanning in the U.S.R. headquarters. Detective Spooner is convinced that it is a homicide and that the committer only could be a robot. But nobody believes him since there are the three laws of robotics which build a perfect cycle of protection. “1. A robot may ...
Second Law: A robot must obey the orders given to them by human beings, except where such orders violate the First Law.
According to functionalists, mental states are recognized by what they do as opposed to by what they are made of. Functionalism is the most well-known or got see among savants of philosophers and intellectual science. According to this theory anything that is not really and it is made up would also have desire and beliefs. In this case the robot was made to function and according this theory he has a desire and beliefs. For example I have two same hijab but made of two different materials for example one is made of cotton and the other one is made of polyester but the thing is the same.
In addition, “If we let it.” is a quite important point and concession on robot this issue. What we are thinking of about robots — the advantages and the disadvantages — all these things are under the circumstances of we human let these robots exist in our future. If we do not allow these robots enter our lives from now on, there will be no more concerns over this
Asimov’s robots can be described as clumsy, hard-working, cost-efficient, soulless, strong, fast, obedient, human-made, a cleaner better breed, more human than man.
Sato, T., R. Mizoguchi, Y. Tomita and T. Uchiyama. 2009. Overview of the Academic Roadmap of Robotics Technology. Advanced Robotics 23(11): 1429-1439. EBSCOhost http://web.ebscohost.com (accessed January 21, 2011).
It is a shared truth that humans often tend to think of robots as nothing more than computer machines made of objects like metal, plastic, silicone and computer chips. However, in truth, a robot’s general purpose is more complex than some know. In order for a robot to function, it must carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations, and programming the specs is difficult task that could take years to finish depending on the purpose of the robot.
Anderson, MichaelAnderson, Susan Leigh. 2010. "ROBOT BE GOOD." Scientific American 303, no. 4: 72. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 1, 2011).
Bar-Cohen, Yoseph, and David Hanson. The Coming Robot Revolution: Expectations and Fears about Emerging Intelligent, Humanlike Machines. New York: Springer, 2009. Print.
Robots are machines that can do the work of a person and that work automatically or are controlled by a computer (Merriam-Webster, 2014). The Robot Institute of America (circa 1979) defines robots as “a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks” (Branwyn, G.). The Japanese Industrial Robot Association (JIRA) has classified robots based on the following: manually operated manipulators, sequential manipulators, programmable manipulators, numerically controlled robots, sensate robots, adaptive robots, smart robots, and intelligent mechatronic systems (Branwyn, G.). Robots have been improved over time and have proven to be efficient because the computer is controlling them. The history of robots goes as far back as the Ancient Greeks and Romans for the use of toys, tool...
Williams, Gray ?Robots and Automation.? The new book of popular science. Grolier Inc., 1996, 186-94.
7. Robots, Ethics & War. (n.d.). Center for Internet and Society. Retrieved November 10, 2013, from http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2010/12/robots-ethics-war
The term “robot” was first created by Josef Capek. It was used by his brother Karel Capek in his play Rossum’s Universal Robots. The word literally means “work” in Czech. The science fiction author Isaac Asimov was the first person to use the word “robotics” in his short story "Liar!"