Narrative Qualities of Bad Dreams and Nightmares Purpose. The purpose of the research is to extricate the differences between the content of nightmares and that of bad dreams. Researchers hypothesized that in comparison to bad dreams, nightmares would exhibit higher levels of emotionality, negative affect, death references, and aggression. Additionally, it was posited that higher levels of aggression would include greater degrees of aggressive intensity, number of aggressive acts, and victimization. Design. This research engaged a correlational design, with the two dependant variables being “bad dreams” and “nightmares”. The six independent variables were “negative emotion”, “positive emotion”, “number of references to death”, …show more content…
In order to operationalize the constructs of interest, disturbed dreaming types were conceptually defined, with differentiation equating to nightmares, not bad dreams, causing the dreamer to wake up. Dream content was operationalized through its identification via the use of The Daily Dream Log (DDL; Levin & Fireman, 2002), which also tallied dreams types, and provided written narratives of disturbed dreams. Predictor variables were operationalized through the use of The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Pennebaker et al., 2001) which identified words in participants’ written narratives related to each predictor variable. The measurement of predictor variables was then made possible by Hall and Van de Castle’s coding system (HVC; 1966), by placing the identified words into categories related to the predictor variables. More specifically, the negative emotion and positive emotion variables were operationalized through the summation of words falling into their respective HVC categories. In addition, a researcher designed 9-point Likert scale measured the degree of emotionality linked to each dream. The number of references to death variable was measured through a summation of words in its HVC category. The severity of aggression variable was measured by placing the coded words into a variety of aggression type categories, and subsequently converting them into an ordinal scale. The intensity of aggression variable was measured through a researcher designed 9-point Likert scale. Finally, the degree of victimization variable was measured through a summation of words in its HVC
A New Kind of Dreaming is a novel written by Anthony Eaton, about a teenage boy, Jamie Riley, being referred to rural Western Australia where, he meets new friends, enemies and also discovers a shocking secret about the towns head police officer. The pressure to find out the secret puts Jamie in a great deal of trouble, from being frightened by the police, blamed for a fire and vandalism offences and even going missing in the desert. The characters have authority or are defenceless.
There are many causes, treatments, symptoms and ways to diagnose insomnia. With that in mind there are also different kinds of insomnia. There are three main types of insomnia each type has their own symptoms and behaviors that go along with it.
The average person spends over one-third of their life sleeping, and over this period of time he or she can have over 1,825 dreams (Wicklinski). By definition, dreams are mental images, thoughts, or emotions that are experienced while sleeping. In the beginning, dreams were thought to be messages sent from the gods or spirit world. Researchers now have many theories explaining why people dream. Many of these theories explain that dreams can resemble an individual’s sensory experiences or even secret wishes. All people dream, but only 42% of people can recall their dreams from the night before (“Dreams”). The study of dreams is a topic that is constantly being debated by researchers for many reasons. Dreaming is important because it can impact people’s health, provide insight into what they are feeling, and reveal information about their behavior.
The American Dream. What is it exactly? Well, it is the ideal that every U.S. citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and initiative. However, can everyone really achieve it? Yes, anyone can achieve the American Dream with enough hard work and dedication to pursue a good life. In order to maintain the American Dream there are some important ways to achieve it. Such as: a strong work ethic, a good education, and being determined.
There are many facts that are unknown about dreams and their meanings. For centuries, philosophers and scientists have tried to understand the meaning of dreams. They have all been fascinated by the fact that the content of dreams may have meanings relating to one's life. Are dreams just thoughts in people's minds, or are dreams in fact representations of different areas in people's lives? Dreams represent many different areas of one's life in physical, emotional, and mental ways. Dreams can relay to people facts about their lives that they are not even aware of. There are also many ways that dreams can help cure different physical, emotional, and mental problems in one's life. This paper will discuss dreams and their meanings, and ways of interpreting a dream using such methods as hypnotherapy and psychoanalysis therapy that can help a person in physical, mental, and emotional ways. The first fact that will be discussed is what dreams are and how they work for people in allowing the person to discover more about himself. Dreams can be defined as "a conscious series of images that occur during sleep" (Collier's, vol. 8). Dreams are usually very vivid in color and imagery. They reveal to the dreamer different wishes, concerns, and worries that he or she has. Dreams usually reflect every part of who the dreamer is. The content of the person's dream is usually made up according to how old the dreamer is and how educated the he or she is (Collier's, vol. 8). Dreams are not planned out or thought up. The unconscious part of the mind brings out bits and pieces of information in the dreamer's mind and places them together. According to Encarta, dreams are almost always visual. Forty to fifty percent of dreams have some form of communication present in them and a very small percentage of dreams give the dreamer the ability to use his or her five senses (Encarta). Dreams allow one to take a closer look into his mind and himself in a quest for self-discovery. Dreams can be used to solve all different types of problems. In Sigmund Freud's book, The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud states: "As regards the dream, all the troubles of waking life are transferred by it to the sleeping state […]" (Freud 113). They relay things about a person that the person may not be able to see.
Second is short term insomnia less than 3 weeks caused by personal stress of an ongoing
One third of one’s life is spent sleeping. In the average lifetime, one would spend a total of around 6 years just dreaming! Everybody dreams even though one may not remember it. Although most common in children; nightmares affect adults as well. Probably the most common of sleep disorders, nightmares are something that almost everyone has experienced. Nightmares are vivid dreams that cause terror, anxiety and fear. Nightmares occur in the fourth stage of sleep, which is deep sleep. Nightmares are caused by rapid eye movement (REM). REM causes irregular EEG patterns that are like the patterns in stage one which is light sleep. Most people experience REM sleep three to five times a night. Nightmares can also be caused by stress, illness, a loss of a family member or a scary movie. After having a nightmare, it can be extremely difficult to fall back asleep. There are other feelings associated with dreams besides fear, feelings such as guilt, sadness, and confusion also occurs in nightmares. Most people who have nightmares do not remember what they have dreamed. There is no exact treatment for nightmares, but before bed time one should try to avoid late night sna...
Fisher, C.J., Byrne, A., Edwards, and Kahn, E. (1970) REM and NREM nightmares. In E. Hartman (ed), Sleep and Dreaming. Boston : Little Brown
Insomnia is a sleeping disorder characterised by difficulty in falling and maintaining sleep; even when sufficient time for sleep is made available, it affects roughly 10% of adults (Roth, 2007). Insomnia symptoms have correlated with presence anxiety and depression (Jansson-Fröjmark & Lindblom, 2008; Roth et al.2006), and in cases insomnia has predated the onset of mood disorders (Johnson, Roth & Breslau, 2006). Insomnia can also be caused by: pain from injury, poor sleep hygiene, medications, medical conditions, mental disorders and stimulants; like nicotine, caffeine and other pharmaceuticals. Sleep deprivation can result in: muscle aches, cognitive impairment, memory impairment and irritability, furthermore sleep deprivation has; in cases, shown to be a contributing risk factor in more severe medial conditions; such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased risk of diabetes and obesity (McNeil, Doucet & Chaput, 2013; Beihl, Liese & Haffner, 2009). Increases in impaired judgement and risk taking behaviour correlate with sleep loss (Meldrum & Restivo 2014), symptoms can occur for up to 3 weeks in short term cases; or for more than 3 weeks in chronic cases. Given the importance of sleep in maintaining good health and its necessity in aiding development; as well as restoration of the body and memory processing, loss of sleep is not something that should be taken lightly. This essay aims to critically evaluate the treatment effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) by analysing individual components of the therapy, and their influence on the treatment as a whole. A non-pharmacological treatment, CBT-I attempts to treat Insomnia by first attempting to understand the root cause of symptoms, as w...
Many believe, “dreams are a series of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur in the mind during certain stages of sleep” (Braden, 1). According to Freud, he claims that dreams are a series of events and images that are perceived through the mind during sleep (McLeish, 2). He said, “If you want to learn about an individual you could do so by interpreting their dreams” (McLeish, 5). For instance, Freud thinks a person expresses themselves through their dreams. Unlike Freud, “Jung’s depiction of dreams concentrated on symbolic imagery” (Jacobson, 3). He believed differently. He believes an individual’s dream do not distinguish the true meaning of the individual (Jacobson, 3). In other words, Jung thinks a person can dream about anything, and it will mean nothing (Jacobson, 3). Instead, he believes dreams have many different meanings and that they do not interpret ideas (McLeish, 3). He sees dreams like a series of events. Freud disagrees because he believes it is the individual’s character and self-creating the imaginations (Jacobson, 3). In other words, Freud develops a theory that dreams come from the individual’s thoughts and personality, and Jung develops a theory that dreams are just symbolic imagery and have no true
Dreams and their interpretation appear to be a controversial issue never reaching consensus. Before focusing on the elaboration of his theory of dreams, Freud noticed there were three different appreciations commonly made of dreams : (1) dreams are the expression of a superior state where repressed fantasies reappear ; (2) medical experts believe dreams respond to sensorial and stomatic stimuli ; (3) the public consider dreams have a meaning.2 On those premises, Freud has developped and strenghten...
Insomnia is a tenacious disorder that can make it difficult to fall asleep, insufficient sleep or both, constant awakenings all through the night, and waking up early in the mornings with the inability to fall back to sleep. In the case of insomnia and individual will awake with feeling unrefreshed, tired, sluggish, exhausted, irritable, which will make you less functional and difficulty on concentrating and performing an everyday task. Insomnia can not only interfere with your energy level and mood, but also can affect your health, your job performance, and quality of life. Most adult’s experience insomnia at some point of time although some adult’s may develop chronic insomnia over a period of time if it’s not cured. The normal amount an individual must sleep in order to have a desirable functional day is to have at least 7 to 8 hours a sleep a night. Individuals with insomnia mostly have anywhere from 5 to 6 hours or less sleep. Insomnia is a curable disease so an individual do not have to endure with sleepless nights; simple changes in your daily habits can often help many with the disorder.
One out of every three people is affected by symptoms of mild insomnia. Those restless nights of staring at the ceiling could actually have an actual cause. The real issues of insomnia are the side effects that come from the sleep deprivation. The side effects could lead to much more serious physical and mental conditions so to understand the hows and whys of insomnia, every aspect of it must be explored.
The inability to get sleep, get good quality of sleep, or even stay asleep is known as insomnia. There are many causes of insomnia, both biological and environmental factors. Some of the psychological causes are mood and anxiety, past experiences, or your sleep environment. Some of the physiological causes are pain, neurological disorders, and conditions associated with difficult in breathing. Almost half of the world’s population is affected with insomnia. People with a genetic predisposition are mostly likely to suffer from insomnia, however, habits and other environmental factors relate to nurture as well.
Insomnia is defined as a "prolonged and usually abnormal inability to get enough sleep" in simpler words, insomnia is the difficulty of falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, general sleep quality, or some kind of combination of all these symptoms. We all have bad nights of sleep from here to there, but insomnia is classified as a long pattern that’s not only a night time issue, but trickles into the day time with some kind of problem with sleepiness, fatigue or concentration on issues. Everyone has usually encountered some type of insomnia, usually acute insomnia. But when acute becomes chronic insomnia ( ranges around three months, occurring 3 or more times a week) it becomes diagnosed as a sleep disorder. Insomnia is a pretty common disorder found among Americans, according to NPR, more then 60 million Americans were effected this year alone. Insomnia is a serious sleeping disorder effecting millions per year, in my essay I will address the symptoms in insomnia, the treatments, and the reason the disorder occurs.