Abstract
Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) is the method of extraction of vehicle number plate information from an image or a sequence of images. The extracted data can be used in many applications, such as toll booths and vehicle parking areas where payment can be done electronically and traffic surveillance systems. The images are taken by the ANPR systems using either a color , black and white or an infrared camera, depending on which different techniques are applied for extraction of information. The quality of image plays a vital role in the successful extraction of license data. For ANPR to be a real life application it has to quickly and successfully process license plates under different environmental conditions, such as day
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The license plates can be partially occluded by dirt, lighting, and towing accessories on the car. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art techniques for ALPR. We categorize different ALPR techniques according to the features they used for each stage, and compare them in terms of pros, cons, recognition accuracy, and processing speed.
Future forecasts of ALPR are given at the end.
I. Introduction
AUTOMATIC license plate recognition (ALPR) plays an important role in numerous real-life applications, such as automatic toll collection, traffic law enforcement, parking lot access control, and road traffic monitoring [1]–[4].
ALPR recognizes a vehicle’s license plate number from an image or images taken by either a color, black and white, or infrared camera. It is fulfilled by the combination of a lot of techniques, such as object detection, image processing, and pattern recognition. ALPR is also known as automatic vehicle identification, car plate recognition, automatic number plate recognition, and optical character recognition (OCR) for cars. The variations of the plate types or environments cause challenges in the detection and recognition of license plates.
They are summarized as follows.
1) Plate
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Two characters are grouped together if the gap between the bounding boxes found along the x and y coordinate are less than (p1* h) and (p2*h) where h is height of the bounding box and p1 , p2 are system parameters. Here it is noteworthy that these gaps are the actual gaps present between the two individual characters in the number plates along x axis and y axis accordingly. The gap between the characters along x axis varies in a finite range while the gaps along the y axis are fixed for a dual line license plate as is seen in the image below. But for the case of tilted license plates the gap along y axis also changes in accordance to the the angle of
Parking Lot Striping: Parking lot striping and professional pavement markings can help improve the safety and appearance of your parking
Over the past few years, the parking control office has been expanded and made more efficient by the addition of computers and the implementation of new filing procedures. Unfortunately, the department is still not providing the services it is capable of. This is due to the fact that the parking control office is under staffed in respect to counter attendants. This lack of sufficient people to work the front counter causes the process of appealing and paying parking tickets to become extremely bogged down. This proposal provides a cost effective solution to the problem that will not only help parking control, but will also benefit anyone doing business with the office.
For many years many people have used security gates to take care of parking lots,
In this project, issues regarding the Hough Transform for line detection are considered. The first several sections deal with theory regarding the Hough transform, then the final section discusses an implementation of the Hough transform for line detection and gives resulted images. The program, images, and figures for this project are implemented using the Matlab.
For each train length, we started by only having that car number. Then we would subtract one from the total train length and laid out whichever car number would help equal the train length. We kept going down that line of pattern subtracting one each time until we got to having all ones to equal the train length. Each time we made sure that we changed around the car numbers to make sure they were all laid out in every single way possible. For example, for train number 4, we started with laying out car number 4 and then starting with car number 3 after that.
JIAFILMS is an irregular license plate name. You might be pondering what is the meaning of this name? Obviously, it's my last name with “films” at the end. Other than that, this tale begins, 4 years ago, with three girls. Their names were Kaylee Yu, Jennifer Jia, and Jacquelin Jia. These girls were inseparable, although they lived 30 minutes apart. One day, they were playing with Kitty; Kaylee’s dog (yes the dog’s name is Kitty) outside in a garden, they were bored like always, then suddenly, Kaylee had a suggestion. She suggested, “we could pass the time by filming a random movie?” It was a peculiar and insane idea. Nonetheless, it was harmless and fun and they were only doing it to have time fly by right?
A barcode is a visual representation of data that is checked and utilized for data. Bar code is simple to control equipment and tool inventory. In facilities supervisors can use barcodes to link work orders, purchase orders, spare parts and equipment which can be further used to track and collect cost. In barcodes historical data can be used to predict the seasonal fluctuation accurately. Barcodes are printed specifically on the paper or a plastic object, therefore actualizing a standardized identification framework is far less expensive than the RFID innovation.
Companies like Google, Tesla and Nissan, among others, have announced over the past few years that their companies are trying to develop self-driving or autonomous cars [Ref. 1 and 2]. Self-driving cars can provide many benefits to the average consumer. Studies have shown that because computers can react and process information many times faster than a human being, crashes on streets and roads can be decreased with quick and consistent evasion maneuvers by the autonomous car. They can also help maximize fuel economy by calculating the most direct and fastest routes. When the driving of an autonomous car demonstrates that the computer can safely and reliably transport the passengers to their destination, this frees up the passengers to do other things that they would not normally be able to do if they were driving the car manually. For this reason, self-driving cars can help maximize productivity of their passengers.
Furthermore, in relation to the regulations and rules relating to automated vehicles, the federal agencies with the responsibility for automated-related factors on the nation’s highways include the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Federal Highway Administration, and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). NHTSA has the responsibility of reducing deaths, injuries, and financial losses cause to vehicle accidents. FMCSA serves a similar purpose for large trucks and buses. However, because there are no specific federal policies or regulations in place that govern the use, operation, or deployment of automated technology, NHTSA has stated that many vehicle technologies are deployed without regulation being in place that allows their use. However, NHTSA makes it clear that technologies cannot pose an “unreasonable risk to safety.” Because of this, many technologies see significant market penetration before standards are developed. One factor leading to this situation is that there is typically a five- to eight-year timeframe for regulation development and activation.
The Ultimate Vehicle Security System. (2001). Retrieved September 18, 2001 from the World Wide Wed: http://www.powerlock.com/plfront.htm
with a digital map, who shows the position of the car. Based on the position of
Technology is evolving faster than ever these days, however there is one technology that could revolutionize the transportation industry. This technology is called autonomous cars, also known as self-driving cars. Autonomous cars can be defined as a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment, and navigating without human input. Using different techniques such as GPS and radar, autonomous cars can detect surroundings, thus removing the human element in driving. This would have a positive effect in more ways than we could ever imagine. Research suggests that self-driving cars will become more abundant in the future because they will be more cost-effective, enhance safety, and decrease traffic congestion.
Barcodes are used everywhere around us. They are used to track products through shipment, track products at a store and speed up and enhance the checkout process, as well as allowing faster access to information. Barcodes began to be used heavily in the 1970’s. This began a great movement in the consumer industry, speeding up the checkout process and allowing easier inventory tracking. However, just like all technologies, barcodes have been enhanced many times over and are being replaced by better, more efficient systems (Bonsor).
Traffic engineers and planners need information about traffic. They need information to design and manage road and traffic system. They use the information for planning and designing traffic facilities, selecting geometric standards, economic analysis and determination of priorities. They use this to justify warrant of traffic control devices such as signs, traffic signals, pavement markings, school and pedestrian crossings. The also use this information to study the effectiveness of introduced schemes, diagnosing given situations and finding appropriate solutions, forecasting the effects of projected strategies, calibrating and validating traffic models.
So we are going to design a system which aims to improve parking facilities by the introduction of a smart car parking system. The system will automatically assign a vacant space to the patrons for parking their vehicles. The patron will be guided to the specified location by referring to variable message sign and the map and the location printed on the parking ticket, in which the whole process is monitored by a central computer to store and update the occupancy status of available parking space vacancies in the database.