Intelligence is the ability to think to imagine creating memorizing and understanding, recognizing patterns, making choices adapting to change and learn from experience. Artificial intelligence concerned with making computers behave like humans more human like fashion and in much less time then a human takes. Hence it is called as Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence is different from psychology because it emphasis on computation and is different from computer science because of its emphasis on perception, reasoning and action. It makes machines smarter and more useful.[2] Fig 1. Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence can be divided into parts according to philosophy of AI.
1. Strong AI
2. Weak AI
Strong
Thus Strong AI claims that in near future we will be surrounded by such kinds of machine which can completely works like human being and machine could have human level intelligence.
Weak AI
Weak AI,also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular task. Weak AI simply states that thinking like features can be easily added to computer to make them more useful tools and this already started to happen. For example, when a human player plays chess against a computer, the human player may feel as if the computer is actually making impressive moves. But the chess application is not thinking and planning at all.[3] Fig.2 Areas of A.I.
Turing Test:The Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior. The test was introduced by Alan Turing in his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence. The original question behind this test was “Can machines think? “. The test proceeds as follows a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with one human and one machine, each of which tries to appear human. All participants are placed in isolated locations. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. In order to test the machine's intelligence rather than its ability to render words into audio, the conversation is limited
AREAS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
A. Language understanding: The ability to "understand" and respond to the natural language. To translate from spoken language to a written form and to translate from one natural language to another natural language.
1.1 Speech Understanding
1.2 Semantic Information Processing (Computational Linguistics)
1.3 Question Answering
1.4 Information Retrieval
1.5 Language Translation
B. Learning and adaptive systems: The ability to adapt behavior bagged on previous experience, and to develop general rules concerning the world based on such experience.
2.1 Cybernetics
2.2 Concept Formation
C. Problem solving: Ability to formulate a problem in a suitable representation, to plan for its solution and to know when new information is needed and how to obtain it.
3.1 Inference (Resolution-Based Theorem Proving, Plausible Inference and Inductive Inference)
3.2 Interactive Problem Solving
3.3 Automatic Program Writing
3.4 Heuristic Search [5]
D. Perception (visual): The ability to analyze a sensed scene by relating it to an internal model which represents the perceiving organism's "knowledge of the world." The result of this analysis is a structured set of relationships between entities in the
The Turing test was a test that allows humans to evaluate the question “can machines think?” Turing evaluates that one should not ask if machines can think, but conduct an experiment which can prove that it can think. In order to answer this question, Turing created
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, “the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men”.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. “We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email.” (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea about the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the imitation game, since it is basically a game in which a computer imitates a conversating human. In an analysis of the Turing Test I will focus on its features, its historical background and the evaluation of its validity and importance.
Artificial Intelligence is “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.” Although the term was coined in 1955 by John McCarthy, stories about artificial beings with consciousness can be traced back to Ancient Greece. In one Greek legend, Cadmus, a Phoenician prince, kills a sacred water-dragon after it slays
...at today is known as the Turing Test. This was a test where a person would ask questions from both a human and a machine without knowing which was which. If after a reasonable amount of time the difference between the two was not obvious, then the machine was thought to be somewhat intelligent. A version of this test is still used today by the Boston Museum of Computers to host a contest of the best artificial machines for the Loebner Prize.
Created by English mathematician Alan Turing, the Turing test (formerly known as the imitation game) is a behavioral approach that assesses a system’s ability to think. In doing so, it can determine whether or not that system is intelligent. This experiment initiated what is now commonly known as artificial intelligence.
The concepts of the development of artificial intelligence can be traced as far back as ancient Greece. Even something as small as the abacus has in someway led to the idea of artificial intelligence. However, one of the biggest breakthroughs in the area of AI is when computers were invented.
In order to see how artificial intelligence plays a role on today’s society, I believe it is important to dispel any misconceptions about what artificial intelligence is. Artificial intelligence has been defined many different ways, but the commonality between all of them is that artificial intelligence theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would normally require a human intelligence such as decision making, visual recognition, or speech recognition. However, human intelligence is a very ambiguous term. I believe there are three main attributes an artificial intelligence system has that makes it representative of human intelligence (Source 1). The first is problem solving, the ability to look ahead several steps in the decision making process and being able to choose the best solution (Source 1). The second is the representation of knowledge (Source 1). While knowledge is usually gained through experience or education, intelligent agents could very well possibly have a different form of knowledge. Access to the internet, the la...
The Turing test was a test introduced by Alan Turing (1912-1954) and it involves having a human in one room and an artificial intelligence, otherwise known as a computer, in another and as well as an observer. Turing himself suggested that as long as the observer is unaware whether it’s a human or a computer in either room the computer should be regarded as having human-level intelligence. (Nunez, 2016). But does the “human-level” intelligence mean it should be considered to be conscious? Is it more important to be clever or to be aware of being clever? Is it moral to create a conscious being that just serves our purposes? Aside from the moral implications there are technical implications and parameters
Imagine asking your computer to do something in the same way you would ask a friend to do it. Without having to memorize special commands that only it could understand. For computer scientists this has been an ambitious goal; that can further simplify computers. Artificial Intelligence, a system that can mimic human intelligence by performing task that usually only a human can do, usually has to use a form of natural language processing. Natural language processing, a sub-field of computer science and artificial intelligence, concerns the successfully interaction between a computer and a human. Currently one of the best examples of A.I.(Artificial Intelligence) is IBM 's Watson. A machine that gained popularity after appearing on the show
Artificial Intelligence is intelligence which is exhibited by machines. A.I. simply refers to making computers act more intelligently.
Artificial intelligence is intelligent behavior by machines, rather than the natural intelligence of humans and other animals. The sub-levels of artificial intelligence that researchers have found are; Reasoning (problem solving), cognitive simulation, deep recurrent neutral networks, control theory, finance, and automotive. Robots are going to be able to have the problem solving skills greater than any human being. Artificial intelligence today is known as weak AI, and is only able to perform things like facial recognition or Internet searches. (Max Tegmark) The long-term goal of researchers is to be able to outperform humans at specific tasks, from playing chess to any cognitive task given. There are going to be so many advancements in the future; everybody already using technology all the time on their own mobile devices. The world has come to where people cannot live without their phones or technology being with them at all times. Technology is necessary but thought of artificial intelligence is a different
Artificial Intelligence is the scientific theory to advance the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. This is going to hold the key in the future. It has always fa...
Artificial intelligence is defined as developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that are analogous to human reasoning processes. Roughly speaking, a computer is intelligent
Artificial Intelligence “is the ability of a human-made machine to emulate or simulate human methods for the deductive and inductive acquisition and application of knowledge and reason” (Bock, 182). The early years of artificial intelligence were seen through robots as they exemplified the advances and potential, while today AI has been integrated society through technology. The beginning of the thought of artificial intelligence happened concurrently with the rise of computers and the dotcom boom. For many, the utilization of computers in the world was the most advanced role they could ever see machines taking. However, life has drastically changed from the 1950s. This essay will explore the history of artificial intelligence, discuss the