Experiment Investigating word change on memory
Isabel Cullinane
Colegio Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Psychology (SL)
Daniel Swanson
Abstract: This investigation is based on the Loftus and Palmer experiment. The results of the original experiment were that hit had a mean speed of 34.0 and smashed had a mean speed of 40.5. Our experiment used 16 students from a Spanish B class at FDR and we had two conditions. The original had more people and more conditions. Our results differed in that the mean speed of hit was 35.25 and the mean speed of hit was 37.5.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Methods
Design
Participants
Materials
Procedure
Raw data
Results
Introduction:
The Loftus and Palmer eyewitness study
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Using a sample design also decreased the probability of the Hawthorne or Screw-you effect as each individual was unaware of the other condition. Participants were all 11th graders at Colegio Franklin Delano Roosevelt in Lima Peru, between the ages of 16 and 17, in a Spanish class where there was a total of 19 people. There were 16 participants overall and 8 in each condition, with 4 boys and 4 girls to avoid gender bias.
An independent variable also know as the manipulative variable is something the experimenter has control over and can be manipulated. The dependent variable is what is affected and is measured in the experiment. In this investigation, our independent variable were the questions that were asked to each participant and our dependent variable were their responses. The participants each got the same question About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? but the verb hit changed to smashed for the second condition. This question was asked because it was the same one Loftus and Palmer asked and in order to stay true to the original study we decided to deviate as less as possible. The participants responses were
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We are psychology students and we will be conducting a psychological study for our IB Psychology class. Before we begin we would like to let you know that you have the right to withdraw at anytime. In this study you will be asked to watch a short clip and then answer some questions about it. We would appreciate your participation and ask for silence during the experiment. If there are any psychology students or people who would not like to participate could you please follow us outside?
If you are a psychology student could you please come over here. Are you familiar with the Loftus and Palmer eyewitness experiment?
If you are then we ask that you stay out here until the experiment is over. If you would just not like to participate then please stay out here with them.
Sorry for the delay we will now begin the experiment but if you could first sign these forms (give consent forms). We will collect them at the end of the experiment. Now we will start the video and then give you a sheet of paper for you to answer questions.
As Whitbourne states, "if participants want to discontinue their involvement in the study, they must be allowed to do so without any penalty or question" (Whitbourne). Milgram claims that all of the subjects were permitted to leave at any time; however, the experimenter displays an acknowledgeable amount of persistence towards the subject in continuing the experiment, insisting that “it’s absolutely essential” that they continue and that they “have no choice” but to stay in the experiment (Milgram 80-81). Baumrind insists that Milgram’s experimental design was degrading and emotionally harming to its subjects (Baumrind 92-93). Peter C. Baker, author of “Electric Schlock: Did Stanley Milgram 's Famous Obedience Experiments Prove Anything?,” claims that most humans tend to obey when they hear commands from an authority figure (Baker). Due to the fact that every subject in Milgram’s experiment volunteered to particpate, it can be assumed that the majority of the subjects held trust for their experimenter, who, in Milgram’s experiment, is the authority figure (Baumrind 93). As Baumrind mentions, Milgram’s experiment had the potential of causing participants of the experiment to have distrust toward other adult authorities in the future after realizing that they had been deceived and practically denied of their right to discontinue their participation in the study
Who suggested that “we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble”?
3. Because he believes that "real men have no fears," 8-year-old George has difficulty accepting the fact that his father is fearful of losing his job. George's experience is most directly explained by:
The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the:
3. Lexi and Petri are identical twins who were separated at birth and grew up with very different families. Lexi is a skilled student who has three close friends and a loving boyfriend. Her adoptive family had difficulties accepting her when she was an infant and never really appreciated her until she reached puberty. Petri is also a good student and is very well liked in her sorority. Her adoptive family adored Petri until the family dissolved in a messy divorce when Petri was 16. Based on the core model of personality, who probably has higher self esteem, Lexi or Petri?
Regression is a defense mechanism resulting in an individual returning to a childlike state to cope with unpleasant thoughts or stress. Regression occurs when an individual faces a particularly stressful or tense situation, and instead of handling said scenario in a mature and adult manner, an immature, childlike technique is employed to handle the anxiety. While a psychoanalytic analysis is more difficult given the subconscious nature of the tensions and resulting anxiety, there are several scenes through the movie that indicate Clark Griswold regresses to handle unpleasant and anxiety-inducing situations. In one example, Clark has been stringing lights on his house for hours, and upon attempting to light them comes to find that none of
The hypothesis to this experiment is "if you place a plant under water in direct sunlight, then it will produce oxygen bubbles." In this experiment the independent variable where the plant is placed. The dependent variable is the water the plant is put in. Your controlled variable would both be the type of water used and the type of plant used. The conclusion to this experiment would still ben your hypothesis because its true which is " if you place a plant under water in direct sunlight, then it will produce oxygen bubbles." The only flaws in this experiment were that they used the same type of water and they did not try any other water. I believe that this experiment is
Chapter 4 discusses the several states of consciousness: the nature of consciousness, sleep and dreams, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Consciousness is a crucial part of human experience, it represents that private inner mind where we think, feel, plan, wish, pray, omagine, and quietly relive experiences. William James described the mind as a stream of consciousness, a continuous flow of changing sensations, images thoughts, and feelings. Consciousness has two major parts: awareness and arousal. Awareness includes the awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences. Arousal is the physiological state of being engaged with the environment. Theory of mind refers to individuals understanding that they and others think,
It is so interesting to watch our brains in action. The watch trick where the magician pressed the watch into multiple peoples’ skin to make them feel as if their watch was still there was probably my favorite part. They compared it to how when we stare at a light or even the sun there is an after image of the bright light. When the magician does this he is creating an illusion through a diversion. How intelligent was the person who came up with the thought of using that concept in magic? As I was watching the marshmallow test being done on the children, I started wondering what I would do if I did the test without knowing anything prior. I think they should do a test on adolescents, but instead of using marshmallows use money or something that pertains to an older audience. Researchers from past studies have claimed that people who resisted the temptation have less financial issues and an overall better life. I think it would be interesting to have a group of scientists construct a test on adults and then compare it to how their life already is to determine if that theory could be proven otherwise. In the documentary, it explains how our perception is based mostly off of our memory, but some is based off of our senses. I think our senses create our memory. For instance, when we get a certain smell that brings us back to our childhood. Our memory is made up of our senses. I think it is crazy how it is proven that we are more likely to fall for someone who is similar to us. Usually you hear the saying “opposites attract”, so it is strange to see that perspective. Facial expressions play a huge part in how we appear to others. We judge people before we even know them, so when we see others facial expressions does that make us assume how they are based off the way we interpret their faces? Our brains know more than we do, however, they can be tricked. There
Fellow psychologists pointed out whether the welfare of the participants was thought of in the experiment (Brace and Byford). Levels of stress endured by the participants were viewed by some to be excessive and the experiment shoulder been stopped. In the cause of Hofling, such anxiety was not reported. However, both cases used some form of deception towards the participants which would be questioned extensively today. In addition, the right for the participant to stop the experiment by Milgram was not exercised because of prompts to continue the experiment. Some argue the both Milgram and Hofling studies could have caused psychological harm. Both studies of obedience by Milgram and Hofling have had similar critique regarding the ethics of the trials. Psychologists of today would have viewed theses studies as unethical and indeed, would have questioned its validity. (Brace and
Several years ago I viewed the video of Jane Elliot’s experiment with her third graders and I was
Just like any experiment there is always an independent and dependent variable; in this case the independent variable was the roles, prisoner or guard, that were randomly assigned, and the dependent variable was the behavior and reactions of the volunteers under their
The Milgram experiment is probably one of the most well known experiments in Psychology. The reason being is because its participants were not told what was really occurring in the experiment. After the experiment was over, the participants were mentally and emotionally affected. Later, a cognitive psychologist, George Miller described Milgram’s experiments, together with Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment, as “being ideal for public consumption of psychological research” (Blass, 2002). And indeed, Milgram’s studies, as Zimbardo’s, are clearly meant to be spread to a broad audience, the moral and preventative objectives permeating the experiments from their very outset (Stavrakis, 2007).. In this paper, I will explore how experiments such as Milgram and Zimbardo’s, as well as the Tuskeegee Syphilis Experiment, changed the way experiments are conducted today because of the formation of the Institutional Review Board (IRB).
Independent variables There are many independent variables (which can also be called the manipulated variable- the variable that is varied in the investigation), but I will only vary two of them: the height the ball is dropped, The surface material the ball is dropped on will also be changed. Other variables that could be changed are: -mass of ball -air resistance (this may occur when the ball is dropped from greater heights) -ball material -gradient of surface -size of ball -kind of ball -ball density Dependent variables The dependent or responding variable is the variable that occurs due to factors that are changed in the independent or manipulated variables. If the independent variable is changed, this would affect the dependent variable.
Now that you know what my situation was like going into the experiment, I will tell you what I did and what occurred as a result.