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Annotated BIbliography
?Annotated Bibliography for Research on the Papacy?
Pattenden, M. (2012). The Papacy since 1500: From Italian Prince to Universal Pastor- Edited By James Corkery and Thomas Worcester. Journal of Historical Association. 97(325), 123-125
Is an article that explains about papacy in the period between 500 and 1500 CE. Papacy gained a lot of significance which brought about numerous changes both with its followers, the church itself and even political. This was initiated by Pope Leo the Great who left a legacy concerning the Catholic Church. According to this article, the Pope started exercising power on even other councils. He incorporated church leadership and politics too. The article
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An example of such reformation group was the Spiritual Franciscans. However Pope John XXII declined and condemned the existence of such a reformation group.
Great debate arose from the reformation ideas especially from Ockham who was a philosopher and had supported the idea of having a council of the church. He argued that a church should be a separate entity from running governmental errands and that its sole role was to show humanity the way of salvation and therefore had nothing to do with administrative roles of the state. The book also asserted that even the pope with his superior powers could be deposed by the state if found to be unworthy of the office.
With the strive that arose due to vetted interest in power, the great Schism offered a leeway for the papacy to take charge and so they used the ideas to protect their own personal gains. With incoming and outgoing of popes, many were promising to close the rift that had risen between papacy and the state but none of them worked towards such pledges. Some cardinals decided to solve the matter and bring peace between the popes who had conflicts. However, most of the popes who were summoned did not attend council which led to the cardinals deposing them. A new pope was then
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Renaissance was very crucial as it brought about new perspectives and re- examination of the existing principles. It brought about desires of intellectuals to get the true meaning of Bible scriptures and the true role of the papal clergy. Among the intellectuals involved, Desderius Erasmus whose desire was to have reformation. He succeeded to translate the Bible, especially the New Testament to Greek then later to Latin. His translations proved very helpful to Luther. He is worth mentioning of the reformation and restoration of the church. He was of the idea that the Catholic Church should teach people doctrines that make them better Christians; he condemned the evil ways of the clergy which helped weaken papacy.
Durston,C & Doran, S. (2003). Princes, Pastors and People; the Church and Religion in England, 1500-1700. Psychology Press. Is a book that explains about three intellectuals like Johannes Reuchlin who is one of the most important figures in the reformation and renaissance. He helped in translate and bring about better understanding of the Jewish tradition. Even though he was a strong roman catholic, he became controversial on most of the issues of the Catholic Church and so supported Martin Luther in the reformation
Pope Urban II was sought by Alexius Comnenus, a Byzantine Emperor who wanted the papacy to help his army hold off the advancing Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor. The reason for Alexius Comnenus contacting the pope rather than another emperor or monarch wasn’t just the fact they were secular, but because the pope would have more power to persuade the people. The Gregorian movement in 1050-80 was ultimately was responsible for the new instilled power of the papacy’s position over nonreligious rulers. The pope agreed to aid the Byzantine emperor, but he also had his own agenda when it came to the military advances and the new power of his position. The papacy did not intend to only help the Byzantine Empire but to further save all of Christendom from being overrun.
Once in power, John Paul immediately displayed an activist approach which was unprecedented in the papacy. Despite advancements in transportation and technology, his activism in the world was still a remarkable attribute, for popes have historically stated their beliefs and principles r...
The Reformation was a really important era in history and it came right after the Renaissance. The Renaissance was seen as a period where it was a time of religion, and art flourished. The Renaissance and the Reformation can be compared and contrasted because the Renaissance was a time of rebirth, and so was the Reformation, however the rebirth brought forth different ideas. Since during the Renaissance there was such a bond between religion and government it triggered the rebellion of many people within the countries. During the Renaissance when questions were raised that went against what the Church thought, The Catholic church pushed the idea that salvation could only be found in the church. However, a Christian monk from Eisleben in the Holy Roman Empire(Martin Luther, CCEL) named Martin Luther interpreted a bible passage stating "just shall live by his faith" to mean that faith alone would save their souls he began to challenge the church. This started the Reformation.
Traditionally, historians have felt that Catholicism was hopelessly fractured at the time of James’s accession to the English throne. Whig historians felt the Elizabethan settlement had set the fate of English Catholicism and Catholicism would soon dwindle away . However, this preliminary evaluation is flawed because the role of English Catholi...
Between the Renaissance and the Reformation, many important changes came along to society. One of the most important was the new idea of humanism which led to magnificent progression in art, architecture, and literature. Another important change was with religion. An example of this would be the creation of Protestantism when people began disagreeing with the decisions of the Catholic Church. All of these changes were important in helping the people still hurting from the Black Death, as well as building a foundation for today’s society.
A 16th-century movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches. The world of the late medieval Roman Catholic Church from which the 16th-century reformers emerged was a complex one. Over the centuries, the church, particularly in the office of the papacy, had become deeply involved in the political life of Western Europe. The resulting intrigues and political manipulations, combined with the church’s increasing power and wealth, contributed to the bankrupting of the church as a spiritual force.
Through the years from the medieval ages up until now, the Roman Catholic Church has always had a major influential presence in all walks of life for European people, whether it was for taxation, the establishing of laws, the rise and fall of monarchs, and even daily social life. Furthermore, the Catholic Church held such power that they could even appoint and dispose of great kings with just the writing of the pen. However, their power started to wane once human curiosity overcome ignorance and blind obedience. For example, the Enlightenment Age brought a series of shocking blows to the Church’s power such as disproving the Church’s theory of geocentricism and presented an age of questioning and secularism. In essence, by looking at the Church’s
Great developed the papacy further in the aspects of service to his poeple. He was
The Pope serves as the leading bishop of Rome and the head of the Roman Catholic Church. This role involves dealing with both spiritual and civil matters and can show great power and influence. The reign of Pope Sixtus IV, a 13-year-period, focused mainly on Italian politics and the renovation of the Papacy and Rome, showing his civil power, while he was not heavily involved with spiritual matters.
At the beginning of the sixteenth century church theologian, Martin Luther, wrote the 95 Theses questioning the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. In this essay I will discuss: the practices of the Roman Catholic Church Martin Luther wanted to reform, what Martin’s specific criticism of the pope was, and the current practices Pope Francis I is interested in refining in the Roman Catholic Church today.
The renaissance and the reformation were two of the most significant changes in history that has shaped our world today. Both of these great time periods are strikingly similar in some ways and totally different in others. This is because the renaissance was a change from religion to humanism whether it is in art or literature; it is where the individual began to matter. However, the reformation was,” in a nutshell,” a way to reform the church and even more so to form the way our society is today. The first half of this paper will view the drop in faith, the economic powers, and the artistic and literary changes during the renaissance, while the second half will view the progresses and changes the church makes during the reformation.
Hsia, R. Po-chia. Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe 1550-1750. London: Routledge, 1989. Print.
Since its emergence during the Roman Empire, the Catholic Church has had a prevailing influence over the world. Its doctrines laid the base for modern standards of morality, and during the Dark Ages it acted as the brain and power behind many leaders. After the emergence of secular thought during the Renaissance the Church's power shifted into the background. In recent times, its influence has begun to shift back into the foreground. The Catholic Church is a religious body that is prominent in the Western world. The capital of the Catholic Church is located in Vatican City in Rome, where the body that represents the Catholic religion and its people is run from. The Catholic Church has always had an effect on politics, and during the Dark Ages its doctrines and beliefs were key to early leaders' decisions. It functioned as an icon to the people of what would come if they followed the laws, and an advisor to the leaders, helping them rule over their kingdoms. After secular thought appeared the Catholic Church's power fell to the wayside because secular thought placed importance on the individual and people began to live their life the way they wanted instead of how the Catholic Church told them to live it in order to get to Heaven. The Church retained its influence in new ways during this time by supporting what the people were interested in such as the sciences, art, and the return to classical thought. The Catholic Church is a very different institution now, rife with corruption and flaws, but still followed across the world. Many of its followers have fallen away however because they are frustrated by its corruption, or the dated doctrines that it applies to politics, specifically things like same sex marriage or contr...
At the center of the changes happening in Germany was Martin Luther who lived between 1483 and 1546. His life began simply enough. His father was a merchant and his grandfather was a peasant. Luther originally went to university to become a lawyer, when he had, “the calling” to become a not-so-humble Augustinian monk in 1505. He spent his life studying theology, becoming a cherished professor at the University of Württemberg in Germany. He was concerned to the point of obsession about sin and his search for salvation, and with help from his studies and desire for the truth; he became one of the biggest critics of the Catholic Church.
Perhaps no other event was as influential to the rise of papacy in Rome as the decline of the Roman empire. With the decline of the empire, the church became the last refuge of stability. Without the protection of the empire, Rome was subject to poverty, disrepair, and attack from enemies.1 The rise of the papacy was a response to this situation. It was further cemented by the leadership of such men as Leo I and Gregory I, the latter sometimes referred to as the father of the medieval papacy.2 Finally, the granting of lands and authority to the bishop of Rome greatly increased the power of the Roman church.3