Ever since the beginning of time, human kind has always had a fascination with the unknown. One of the biggest unknowns was how the body works. As the ages passed, scientists began to look closer and closer to the human body. They began to look at muscles and skin and then eventually cells. It was here that they began to see things that were hard to explain. Why does one cell look different from another? How is everything kept in equilibrium? It took some time but mankind was finally able to isolate proteins in the body. These proteins turned out had specific functions that regulated certain functions of the body. One of these proteins was Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. The reason that this protein is important is because of the fact that it …show more content…
And because of the effects of angiotensin II to the body, it causes a person to have hypertension, or a condition in which the blood pressure is higher than normal and can cause physiological damage to the organs. So because of this disruption of the homeostasis, a class of drug that is used to correct this unbalance is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. This drug prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Which then returns the body to a balanced or equilibrate state. Close to a half of a century ago, Angiotensin Converting Enzymes was isolated from the plasma in the blood1. It was also discovered that the angiotensin converting enzymes densely populates the lungs and in men it is in the lungs and in the testes, an isoenzyme is located in the testes . The isoenzyme that is found in the body is the somatic angiotensin converting enzyme and the isoenzyme that is found in the male gentiles is the germinal angiotensin converting enzyme1. The angiotensin converting enzymes structure …show more content…
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme has a direct relation with how much angiotensin II is in the body because it converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. What happens is that angiotensin I is released and floats throughout the body. From there, the Angiotensin Converting enzyme is also released. When the two meet, the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme cleaves the His-Leu dipeptide on the C terminal, which then creates angiotensin II1. Looking back at the structure, it was said that the C terminal and the N terminal are both active. So when both terminals were looked at, it turned out that the C terminal has a three times higher efficiency of hydrolyzing angiotensin I, however the affinity of angiotensin I for C terminal is the same as that of the N terminal . This shows that most of the angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II at the C
Ace Inhibitors are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF). Most of the drugs that are Ace Inhibitors have the common ending –pril. It inhibits an enzyme; that decreases the tension of blood vessels and the blood volume, thus lowering blood pressure. Lotensin (benzapril) comes in tablets and is used for oral administration. It is one of the ace inhibitors that are indicated for treating hypertension. There is warning while using Lotensin when pregnant, it indicates to stop using immediately when pregnancy is detected. Vasotec (enalpril) comes in tablets and injection. It is indicated for the treatment of hypertension and is effective alone or in combination with other Ace Inhibitors agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics. There is a warning for fetal toxicity; when pregnancy is detected; stop using.
Nitric oxide is a gaseous, diatomic molecule that plays an important role as a mediator of cardiac function, working largely as a vasodilator in the cardiovascular system. Nitric oxide is synthesized by a family of enzymes known as nitric oxide synthases (...
Jared Diamond is a professor of geography at UCLA. He has a PhD in physiology and has spent his time since then researching molecular physiology and evolutio...
This leads to the continued release of ACTH, resulting in a surplus of 17-OHP, which is converted in the a...
The science and history of the heart can be traced back as far as the fourth century B.C. Greek philosopher, Aristotle, declared the heart to be the most vital organ in the body based on observations of chick embryos. In the second century A.D, similar ideas were later reestablished in a piece written by Galen called On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body. Galen’s thesis was that the heart was the source of the body’s essential heat and most closely related to the soul. Galen made careful observations of the physical properties of the heart as well. He said “The heart is a hard flesh, not easily injured. In hardness, tension, in general strength, and resistance to injury, the fibers of the heart far surpasses all others, for no other instrument performs such continues, hard work as the heart”(Galen, Volume 1).
Atenolol is a nationally known, commonly used medication that has helped to change the lives of many people in America. Atenolol, also known as Tenormin, is placed in a group of remedies known as beta-blocker. As a Beta-blocker, Atenolol is used to treat a range of bodily disorders in connection with anxiety and tension, such as high blood pressure, angina, irregular heart rhythms, migraines, prevention of a second heart attack, tremors, alcohol withdrawal, anxiety, and glaucoma. The three main malfunctions atenelol is used for are alcohol withdrawal, anxiety disorders, and cardiac disorders.
High Blood Pressure is anything that alters in peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, or stroke volume that affects systematic arterial blood pressure. Long term effect of high blood pressure are serious and can cause heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, and retinal damage. Hypertension is another medical word that substitutes the meaning of high blood pressure. It is known as the “silent killer” because it does not create any symptoms. The most common reason for high blood pressure is arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, occurring in old age. Four control systems have a job in maintaining blood pressure. These are the arterial baroreceptor and chemoreceptors’ system, regulation of body fluid volume, the renin- angiotensin system, and vascular autoregulation. Primary hypertension mostly occurs from a defect or malfunction in some or all of these
Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196(4286), 129–136.
Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases including stroke and may also have a role in the development of vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia [1, 2]. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1; ACE) plays an important role in the rennin-angiotensin system and it is a carboxyl-terminal dipeptidyl exopeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II [3-6]. ACE converts an inactive form of decapeptide, angiotensin I, to a potent vasoconstrictor, octapeptide, angiotensin II, in addition; since the ACE is a multifunctional enzyme it also catalyzes the degradation of bradykinin, which is known as a vasodilator [4, 7]. Therefore, inhibition of ACE activity leads to decrease in the concentration of angiotensin II and increases the level of bradykinin; consequently reduce blood pressure [8].
The heart serves as a powerful function in the human body through two main jobs. It pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body and “blood vessels called coronary arteries that carry oxygenated blood straight into the heart muscle” (Katzenstein and Pinã, 2). There are four chambers and valves inside the heart that “help regulate the flow of blood as it travels through the heart’s chambers and out to the lungs and body” (Katzenstein Pinã, 2). Within the heart there is the upper chamber known as the atrium (atria) and the lower chamber known as the ventricles. “The atrium receive blood from the lu...
The circulatory system and respiratory system share a highly important relationship that is crucial to maintaining the life of an organism. In order for bodily processes to be performed, energy to be created, and homeostasis to be maintained, the exchange of oxygen from the external environment to the intracellular environment is performed by the relationship of these two systems. Starting at the heart, deoxygenated/carbon-dioxide (CO2)-rich blood is moved in through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle when the heart is relaxed. As the heart contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to capillaries in the lungs. As the organism breathes and intakes oxygenated air, oxygen is exchanged with CO2 in the blood at the capillaries. As the organism breathes out, it expels the CO2 into the external environment. For the blood in the capillaries, it is then moved into pulmonary veins and make
Non – competitive inhibitors change the globular shape of an enzyme so that a enzyme-substrate complexes can’t form meaning a lower optimum rate of reaction. Enzymes in Medicine = == ==
(2013, July 8). Trauma Emergencies. Retrieved from https://ambulance.qld.gov.au/docs/09_cpg_trauma.pdf renin-angiotensin system. (2014). In Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Enzymes are essential biological catalysts in the human body that biochemical reaction. Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy, the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur, which increases the rate of the reaction (Burdge, 2014). Enzymes catalyze reactions by applying pressure onto the bonds of the substrate which lowers the activation energy and breaks these bonds to form products. Even though some enzymes have been found to be non-proteins, most of them are globular proteins which possess an active site where the substrate attaches itself (Raven, 114). The two models that describe the manner in which substrates attach to enzymes are the lock-and-key model and the induced fit model. The lock-and-key model is used to explain an enzyme that fits to only one type of substrate. It is like a lock and key in the sense that only one lock can fit into a key, therefore, only one substrate can fit into the active site of an enzyme that follows this model. On the other hand, an enzyme that follows the induced fit model slightly changes its shape in order for the substrate to...
The enzyme used in this lab is catalase. Catalase has a molecular weight of approximately 240,000 daltons and contains four polypeptide chains, each composed of more than 500 amino acids. This enzyme occurs universally in aerobic organisms. One function of catalase within cells is to prevent the accu...