The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20-item self-report measure with 10-item positive and negative affect subscales developed in 1988 by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen. The PANAS works to provide independent measures of both positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). The PANAS is used very much, with different versions of the test developed to be longer, shorter, and for children.
In this test, positive affect reflects the extent to which a person feels enthusiastic, active and alert so high positive affect would be a state of pleasurable engagement, high energy, and full concentration. Conversely, low positive affect is a state of sadness and lethargy. Negative affect is not just the opposite of positive affect. It is a general dimension of subjective distress and unpleasurable engagement. High negative affect includes anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness. Low negative affect is a state of calmness and serenity.
The relationship of these affects is still a controversial topic, as to whether they are correlated or not. It has also been argued that both should be renamed, changing from positive affect and negative affect to positive activation and negative activation. This is because positive affect and negative affect are defined by the activation of the emotional affects and the lower levels of both are characterized by the absence of them. Presently, these labels can be interchanged in research.
The PANAS has proved to be effective at differentiating between depression and anxiety, even though it has shown that using self-report measures may make it difficult to discriminate between the two constructs. One suggestion of why it is that way is due to most existing self-report scales for both...
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...r the lack thereof and the NA scale contains terms related to negativity. This grouping makes sense to have the terms paired the way the PANAS does.
The construct validity of the PANAS was questioned due to the selection of items for the subscales to show that each was independent. The items, however, may not adequately represent their supposed constructs. Watson and Clark stated that fear is not related to NA but “scared” and “afraid” are both included in the negative affect scale. This argues that the construct validity of the test is low because it may not test what it is meant to test by adding unrelated items.
If the PANAS added either more terms or more questions, without repetition, there is little doubt that both reliability and validity could increase. Each construct could include two questions to reduce random response errors or gather more information.
The Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS-2) is a revision of the Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (CMAS) created by Cecil Reynolds and Bert Richmond in 1985 (Reynolds & Richmond, 2008). The RCMAS-2 includes an updated standardization sample, improved psychometrics, and broadened content (Reynolds & Richmond, 2008). Although these revisions occurred, the brevity, elementary reading level, and content-based item clusters were retained, offering an updated and effective tool for understanding and treating anxiety in school-aged children (Reynolds & Richmond, 2008).
Personality predispositions can determine levels of extraversion, which determine the levels to which one seeks social support, thus determining positive affect. Similarly, personality predispositions can determine levels of neuroticism that may influence one’s style of coping in the face of both positive and negative external factors which can determine negative affect (Diener, 1996). Happiness, a core aspect of positive subjective wellbeing, involves maintaining a superior level of positive affect in comparison to negative effect, based on specific positive or negative emotions linked to the recent experiences in one’s life (Emmons & Diener, 1985). Positive emotions such as joy and pride must trump negative emotions such as frustration and sadness in the recent past or present in order for an individual to feel happy. Life satisfaction builds on this and is a cognitive valuation of the quality of an individual’s experiences as a sum throughout their entire life (Emmons & Diener, 1985). Individual personality traits have been found to influence the different patterns and levels of life satisfaction, positive and negative affects and simply general, overall happiness (McCrae, 1983).
Epstein, M.H. & Sharma, J.M. (1998). Behavioral and emotional rating scale: A strength-based approach to assessment. Texas: Pro-Ed.
Consider the second criteria of emotionality. Emotionality is one’s ability to feel and be affected by emotion. While all average individua...
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What does it mean to be positive? Being positive is displaying affirmation, acceptance, or certainty toward an object, idea, or person. “Trauma is used when describing emotionally painful and distressing experiences or situations that can overwhelm a person’s ability to cope” (John A. Rich, Theodore Corbin, & Sandra Bloom, 2008. Trauma could include death, violence, verbal and nonverbal words and actions, discrimination, racism, etc. Trauma can have serious long-term effects on a person’s health, mental stability, and physical body.
Mcbride, Carolina. Zuroff, David. Ravitz, Paula. Koestner, Richard. Moskowitz, Debbie. Quilty, Lena. Bagby, Michael. (2010). British Journal of Clinical Psychology. , 49(4), p529-545.
The Beck Anxiety Inventory was designed by Aaron T. Beck and is self report scale that consists of 21 items. The items are short and straightforward, making it easy to read and comprehend. All items are related to anxiety and describe a symptom of anxiety that is rate on a four point likert scale according to severity. The answers range from 0-3 and the responses range from “not at all” to “severely; I could barely stand it” and all items are added for a total score. The instructions on the test ask for the respondent to “indicate how much you have been bothered by each symptom during the past week, including today, by placing an X in the corresponding space in the column next to each symptom” (Dowd, 2008). The assessment is intended for adolescents and adults and can be administered individually or in a group setting. An additional copy of the inventory test is also available in Spanish. It was originally created from a sample of 810 outpatients of that were predominately affected by mood and anxiety disorders and research on the original development is described as informative and thorough.
Likewise, in order to validate construct validity, Malhotra et al. (2012) recommends that in conducting research, researchers should use multi versus single-item scales to validate data from experiments, depending upon the complexity of the experiment. Malhotra et al. (2012) also recommends using a step-by-step approach ...
A Positive Behavior Support System (PBSS) is a school-wide approach to help establish the social culture and behavioral supports that are needed for all of the children in a school to ensure the achievement of both social and academic success. Because school principals play a pivotal role in the success of the school community it is, without a doubt, important that the principal play an important role in developing and implementing a PBSS in their school.
Rosen, L. D., Cheever, N. A., Cummings, C., & Felt, J. (2008). The impact of emotionality and
Depression and anxiety are two of the most prominent and often discussed struggles in our current culture. Many people at one time or another will feel the effects of depression and anxiety in their own lives. Due to the varying intensities of these struggles, some people may just take time and move beyond them naturally, others will seek help for a short time, where others may seek more serious medical treatment. This is why it is crucial to understand the levels of depression and anxiety as well as how to help determine the severity of the case so as best to assist a patient.
Growing literature suggests that emotional states can conditions the impact of given frame since the underlying role of emotions depends on problem (e.g. life or death scenarios). Druckman & McDermott hypothesized that exposure too negative (dying or losing) frame will be positively correlated with risky behaviors or choice sections. Vice versa was hypothesis to exposure to positive emotion. A similar study was done involving a treatment plan for a disease problem with results showing a