Executive Summary:
1. Introduction
Packaging has always been one of the most important aspect of food supply industry. It helps in labeling of the food item, provides ease of transportation and most importantly aids in preservation of food item for a specific time period. One of the most important food item consumed by most people around the globe are juices. The most consumed juice all over the world in orange juice. Australia lies 9th in the world for the consumption of juice (1). Hence, the concern of various packaging units used for the juices is rising steeply. Significant research is being put into the field to reduce the environmental impacts and costs of the containers.
Amongst the various packaging systems for juices, the ones commonly used in Australia are HDPE containers and carton containers. Hence it becomes quite necessary to keep a track of the consequences of using these containers. In order to evaluate the containers impact on the environment it becomes quite important to have yardstick. Hence Life cycle analysis (LCA) is selected for the same.
LCA is a quantitative evaluation of the environmental performance of a product system across its life cycle (2). This project would focus on analyzing the orange juice containers using the LCA tool. In order to complete the analysis, stepwise approach is taken following general techniques of LCA. There are four phases in LCA which are stated below:
i. Defining the scope and goal of the analysis. ii. Inventory analysis. iii. Evaluation of environmental effects. iv. Interpretation of results.
These following steps are explained in detail in following sections.
2. Goal And Scope
The goal of this study was to assess the potential environmental impacts of various types of oran...
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...nce unit is needed in the LCA called the functional unit (ɸ) . This is important as the inventory would be normalized against this. For the present analysis, the functional unit was defined as a litre bottle, with a standard weight of 20 grams for HDPE and 25 grams for juice cartons.
Inventory Analysis:
HDPE bottles
The HDPE bottles assessed in this study is specifically designed for the distribution of orange juice and is produced from HDPE, with a cap, seal and label. The seal is composed of polyolefin foam, aluminum and PET, and cap from HDPE. The label is produced from LDPE. This composition of the HDPE bottle is considered to be representative of the majority of the HDPE juice bottles currently available in UK Market.
Fig 2: Production of HDPE bottles.
The majority of HDPE bottles for juices currently on the UK market are produced from virgin HDPE (vHDPE).
When you buy food and drinks at the store do you really know what you are actually consuming? Have you ever considered how your food is produced and created? Is it healthy for you? I researched one of my favorite drinks, Welch’s grape juice, to see what is actually the content of it, and where it came from.
According to §2 para. 6 No. 2 of the German food law, cosmetic packaging materials are viewed as items for everyday and common use. The Regulation 1223/2009 provides assurance to consumers that the product they use is safe for application. The reference 1935/2004 was suggested to portray close formulation/packaging combinations that are already present in the market. Therefore, with this, food/packaging interaction may be contemplated. Since materials manufactured for the packaging of food products have already undergone several tests, suitable information regarding the stability of that material may already be accessible. Hence further experimental procedures may not be necessary. The 1935/2004 regulation is not normally used for cosmetic packaging. However, without the presence of any other established guidelines, this regulation is used to check the congruity of the packaging. For instance the packaging material of cosmetic products are compared with and judged against the packaging of food items. Verification in the shipping document is done by the food control agency or the supplier company to show that the packaging material
The first love is a common theme in the lives of all humans and is the one in which most people remember most. Most people can agreee that these first encounters are usally awakward and reticent and are somewhat regretable but attempt to have seriousness and intentent and are somewhat memorable. Gary soto and his poem “Oranges” display this kind of first love with honesty but also subtle seriousness. “Oranges” tells of a male narrator’s and his partner on their first date and everything they encounter and feel from the narrator’s perspective. In the poem, Soto, uses his litreary skills to depicte and craft the narrators’s first romantic relationship with devotion and fondness through the use of contrasts in imagery, form, and symbolsim. This use convays to the reader the emotions of the
Neustaedter, Randall (7/18/2004). Plastic Water Bottles. Retrieved July 31, 2008, from Holistic Pediatric Association Web site: http://www.hpakids.org/holistic-health/articles/108/1/Plastic-Water-Bottles
The bottled water industry has a high potential in growth rate and in the terms of sales volume or per capita consumption rate. For example, the United States’ capita consumption of bottled water lagged those of soft drinks by more than a 2:1 margin. In term of bottle water, the majority of sales volume has burden on single- serving PET containers than 5 or 1-2.5 gallon high density polyethylene containers which use for home or office. The single PET container has been satisfied by the customers because they are convenience and portable. So it could be purchased from a convenience store.
Stasinopoulos, Peter, Paul Compston, Barry Newell, and Haley M. Jones. "A System Dynamics Approach in LCA to Account for Temporal Effects—a Consequential Energy LCI of Car Body-in-whites." The International Journal Of Life Cycle Assessment 17 (2012): 199-207. Springer Online Journals Complete. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. .
Gazzale, L (2007), retrieved January 22, 2007 from University of Phoenix, Main MBA501 week five environmental scanning thread
The freshly squeezed citrus juices of Lemon,lime and orange were analysed through titration over the period of 2 weeks. Initially the lime juice was found to be slightly more acidic than the other juices followed by lemon juice and then orange juice since it is known that usually lime is more acidic than lemon and orange. It was hypothesised that the acidity of each juice will increase or decrease after the period of two weeks depending upon the sugar content of that citrus fruit that the juice is extracted from. The acidity of the juice with the highest sugar level will gradually increase over the period of time since sugar contribute to the the fermentation of the citrus juice to lactic acid. The hypothesis was shown to be correct;however
The prime goal of LCA is to compare the full range of environmental effects transferable to products and provisions by quantifying all inputs and outputs of material flows and then performing assessment how these materials causes the impact on the ecology or environment. These kinds of critical information are considered for optimizing the processing efficiency, policies, and providing better foundation for informed decisions (Handrikson, (1998), Harms, (2008) and FlesKurtz, (2008)).. LCA also states for the notion that a sound and holistic assessment needs the assessment of the production of the raw-materials, manufacture, product distribution, implementation and disposal comprising all superseding haulage phases
Jay S., Jones C., Slinn P, Wood C. 2007. Environmental impact assessment: Retrospect and prospect. 27, 287-300. Sciencedirect. Elsevier.
...stems. Humans and animals suffer the most from this kind of pollution as it may potentially cause some very serious health issues. It also has the potential to interfere so greatly with the lives of animals that they may die because of it.
Consumers have expectations In terms of a good quality product that should be availed at a reasonable price. Consumers don’t only want the business to be socially responsible towards them in this manner of reasonable prices but way beyond this. They should meet the needs of consumers in ways of convenience and appearance. But business should also consider other aspects like environmental impact when packaging is disposed.
This competitive advantage has been rendered sustainable as other players have found it difficult to catch up with the company's competitive strategy. In spite of this clear advantage, it was noted that the company faces some challenges being the world leader in soft drink distribution. The canning and bottling of the product which is done in many countries have now fallen into the hands of independent companies, thus it becomes hard for a given company to control the quality of the packaging
Even environmental and social link in this case study of PESTLE Analysis factors. For the example of CO2 emissions, is an Environmental ingredient which has Political & Legal influence, it has an Social impact in the UK culture where the customer is more Green consumers they like to use the goods and services which are more eco-friendly which also have less impact on the environment study case
First of all, losses in storage stage are caused by improper cold techniques, which is a great problem, mainly for tropical countries. For instance, the lack of cold storage is responsible to the wastage of 35% to 40% of all fresh food in India (Godfray et al., 2010). What is more, the Institution of Mechanical Engineering (2013) shows that poor building conditions are another cause of wastage and this problem affects not only fresh food, but also non-perishable food. For example, in Southern Asia, one thirty of rice, that is a very durable grain if it was under appropriate conditions, is wasted as a result of damage caused by pests (Godfray et al., 2010). Engineering should work on solutions for a better storage food process, such as developing buildings, which could protect food from pests and birds, as it was suggested by the Institution of Mechanical Engineering document (2013). In addition, anti-microbial packing to decrease storage losses related to toxicity is other example of engineering development that could reduce wastage (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2014). Engineering solutions are important because it helps to increase food storage time and, consequently, to reduce waste. If these solutions were developed with cheap raw materials, they might have easier access in everywhere, including developing countries. All things