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Characteristics of science during the medieval ages
Islamic empire expansion
Science and technology in the medieval period
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The Islamic Empire was the center of many great advances in the areas of mathematics, science, philosophy, physics, geography, and medicine. We've listed some of the most famous Islamic scholars and scientists here: Al-Haytham by Unknown Al-Haytham (945-1040 CE) - Al-Haytham (also known as Alhazen) was one of the world's first theoretical physicists. He made contributions in many areas including optics, astronomy, and mathematics. He also described ways of performing experiments and helped to develop the scientific method. Perhaps his most important work was in the area of optics. His series of papers on optics, called The Book of Optics, influenced future western scientists including Roger Bacon, Leonardo da Vinci, and Johann Kepler. Al-Khwarizmi …show more content…
His westernized name "Algoritmi" became the word used for the mathematical term "algorithm." Al-Kindi (801-873 CE) - Al-Kindi was an Arab philosopher who studied the works of the Greek scientist and philosopher Aristotle. He wrote many works of his own and is often called the "Father of Arab Philosophy." In addition to philosophy, Al-Kindi studied mathematics, music, and medicine. Al-Zahrawi by Unknown Al-Nafis (1213-1288 CE) - Al-Nafis was a physician who is mostly known for his work in describing pulmonary circulation. He explained how blood flows from the right side of the heart, then to the lungs (to pick up oxygen), and then back to the left side of the heart. Al-Razi (854-925 CE) - Al-Razi was one of the most influential doctors of the Middle Ages. He recorded many of his medical observations in several books that were later used as textbooks in many western medicine schools. His discoveries included observations on how to distinguish different diseases from each
Claudius Galenus was a Greek physician who lived from 129-216 AD. Although his main research was in the field of physiology, he became famous for his work in anatomy. His teachings were essentially used at all universities when it came to anatomy and medical education during Vesalius’s time. “Even 1000 years after Galen’s death almost no original anatomical inquiries were performed.” (www.bl.uk /learning/artimages/bodies/vesalius /renaissance Accessed on 4/26/14) Galen’s theories were presumed correct, and hardly any new advances were made in anatomy for hundreds of years. Therefore, Galen remained the dominant source for information on the human body.
There he inspired many students and tutored them to become professionals in the medical field. Many of these students included Fabricius ab Aquapendente (gave the first clear description of the semi lunar valves of the veins, which later provided many people with a crucial point in his famous argument for circulation of the blood) and Volcher Coiter (described human embryology as well as the comparative osteology of animals and illustrated his own work.... ... middle of paper ...
...iments opened the flood gates for anatomical and physiological observation. And his observations in regards to blood were so close to uncovering the true nature of circulation that William Harvey wondered how Galen himself did not arrive at the conclusion (Klein, 2009). Galen set an important foundation for future physicians.
When a person gets sick, it meant their humors were out of balance. This theory was widely believed and used. Avicenna, an Arab physician, wrote one of the very first medical encyclopedias called the Canon of Medicine. As time went on, and as advanced medical knowledge from Islam was shared, people started questioning Galen’s theory. That is when a Swiss physician named Paracelsus discovered that disease comes from external factors.
For example Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler were involved in a science called astronomy. Astronomy was the branch of science that deals with heavenly objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. Different scientists invented different discoveries that changed our world today. Copernicus was a scientists who lived in Italy for many years, and discovered modern astronomy. Study and calculation led him to the conclusion that the earth turns upon its own axis, and, together with the planets, revolves around the sun, which led to his theory called the Copernican Theory. Another scientists who was involved in astronomy was Galileo. Galileo made one of the first telescopes, which was very powerful. He discovered the phases of Venus and sunspots, confirming that the sun rotates, and that the planets orbit around the Sun, not around the Earth. Galileo believed that these discoveries committed to the Copernican Theory. Kepler was another scientist involved in astronomy, he worked out the mathematical laws which govern the movements of the planets. He made it clear that the planets revolve around sun in elliptical instead of circular orbits. Kepler's investigations afterwards led to the discovery of the principle of gravitation. Vesalius and Harvey were involved in a science called anatomy. Anatomy was the the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms. Vesalius studied in Italian medical schools, he was the founder of modern human anatomy, and wrote a very famous interesting books on human anatomy called De humani corporis fabrica. His discoveries consisted of the skeletal system, muscular system, vascular and circulatory system, nervous system, abdominal organs, the heart, and the brain. Vesalius discovered that the skulls mandible consists of only one bone. The sternum which is made up of three parts is also one of
Natural philosophy might have played a much smaller role in Islamic science but is not to be overlooked. Al ma’mun built observatories as high as three stories in order to gain a better understanding of the cosmos. With these tools, Islamic astronomers made accurate descriptions of the heavens and created their own geocentric views of the orbits of the heavenly bodies. Attached to many of these observatories were great libraries. Islamic libraries contained a wealth of knowledge which was taken from other civilizations and translated to Arabic such as the House of Wisdom. These libraries had upwards of 2 million books, a massive accomplishment considering they did not have movable type. The Islamic Empire also saw great advances in mathematical understanding with the creation of trigonometry and algebra.
He was one of the first doctors to observe his patients, and believed humans should lead simple and stable lives to keep them healthy and their humours balanced. Dissection was still looked down upon, and even forbidden, in these times, and therefore this held back medical studies from progressing further. People trained under these beliefs were recognised as doctors instead of priests. This was a huge development in medical history as beliefs in supernatural causes began to die out, and women who were not slaves were also allowed to train as do...
William Harvey was a distinguished physician of the seventeenth century. Harvey was educated by some of the great scientists of his time and was highly knowledgeable of the scientist theories preceding his time. Harvey was greatly intrigued by the views of the ancient Aristotle and developed a number of his own ideas based on Aristotle’s theories. It was from Aristotle’s theory of the primacy of blood that allowed Harvey to make breakthroughs about circulation and generation of animals. His advancements greatly enhanced the study of anatomy. Harvey also revolutionized the means by which science was performed through the use of innovative, investigational techniques. William Harvey became a well-known name in science because he made profound accomplishments that changed the way scientists performed and the way people viewed the human body.
...or spreading Islam. Advancements in Science and Math helped Islam to move faster. Islam was uniquely successful to attract people towards it where bloodshed was rarely required.
Abu Al-Walid Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Rushd, known in Latin as Averroes, was one of the most influential Islamic philosophers and scientist. He lived in a time where Philosophy was not celebrated in the Islamic world, and philosophers were regarded as unbelievers. He, however, revived the Aristotelian philosophy stressing that it has no conflict with the belief in God, and that was the theme he used throughout his writings. He integrated religion and philosophy challenging the anti-philosophical view of the Muslim scholars at that point. That influenced a group of western scholars who used the same examination and identified themselves as the “Averroists.”
...ime period in a positive scientific light. The distinction between modern and medieval science was described as medieval science being more theoretical in nature and modern being of the more applied variety. Through the further presentation of the plethora of Islamic scientists, covering fields as diverse as astronomy, medicine, chemistry, and physics it has been shown, without a doubt, that significant scientific contributions were made in this period. Finally, the source of this misconception was exposed through the common accidental perception of the past as a European narrative. History can easily be focused around Europe, and to do so produces a view of the medieval era being stagnant. However, when one looks at the greater global picture, it is clear that the Islamic world more than makes up for this lull in innovation, successfully brightening the “Dark Age”.
In Persian, Razi means "from the city of Rayy, an ancient town in the south of the Caspian Sea, situated near Tehran, Iran. In this city he accomplished most of his work. In his early life he could have been a jeweler, a money-changer but more likely a lute-player who changed his interest in music to alchemy. At the age of forty he stopped his study of alchemy because its experiments caused an eye-disease, obliging him to search for physicians and medicine to cure it. This was the reason why he began his medical studies. His teacher was 'Ali ibn Rabban al-Tabari, a physician and philosopher born in Merv about 192 (Wikipedia, 2006). Al-Razi studied medicine and probably also philosophy with ibn Rabban al-Tabari. Therefore his interest in spiritual philosophy can be traced to this master, whose father was a Rabbinist versed in the Scriptures. Al-Razi took up the study of medicine after his first visit to Baghdad, when he was at least 30 years old, under the well-known physician Ali ibn Sahl. He showed such a skill in the subject that he quickly surpassed his master, and wrote no fewer than a hundred medical books. He also composed 33 treatises on natural science, mathematics and astronomy.
and disease (Haas 258). As he developed and honed his craft, all the scholarly encounters with
Ibn al Haytham was a Muslim innovator born in 965 in Basra. He is also known as Alhazen and The First Scientist. In his time, Alhazen was able to invent the first pinhole camera and a camera obscura. Before Alhazen, scientists believed that they did not have to scientifically prove their findings, however, he knew better. Every experiment or hypothesis Alhazen came up with, he submitted it to a physical test and/or proof using mathematic equations. (“Arab Inventors”)
The Achievements of The Islamic Civilization Islam, one of the most successful religions was started by Muhammad in Arabia and had a massive impact on the world. If it weren't for Islam the world would have been a very different place to live in. Muslims didn't always invent things; sometimes they improved on other people's inventions e.g. the number system, the astrolabe and much more. The first Muslims were Arabs and they went on to conquer many countries.