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Effective treatment for sexual offenders
Effective treatment for sexual offenders
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Although the definition of rape might be concise, the crime itself can be extremely variable depending on the situation and predator. It was once widely conceived that rape and other sexual crimes where primarily lust motivated. Recent information, however, suggests that stimulus can be as multi-faceted as the perpetrator themselves. Discrepancies in such facets as motivation and opportunity are variations that can limit the profiling and apprehension of sexual criminals. One of the most common dissimilarities amongst rape criminals is the likelihood for re-offense. There are many different driving factors for sexual abusers in general, but this topic can be further expanded upon through the classification of serial rapists and single-victim assailants. Being of these two categories has a high effect on violence prevalence during the act, apprehension and conviction of the perpetrator, and geographic location of the crime itself. Until recently, rapists have largely been placed in one identified group based on their crime. However, the difference in violence prevalence, and preparation or approach of the crime varies distinctly based on the type of perpetrator. Thus, the discrepancy between the categories of serial and single-victim perpetrators could prove helpful to further create usable profiles for law enforcement, identify motivating factors, and assist in the development of effective treatments for predators. Although the crimes are similar in finality, the variable distinctions are as vast as the assailants. As of January 1st, 2013, the Federal Bureau of Investigation changed their standard and definition of rape as a crime. : The old definition was “The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will... ... middle of paper ... ... Schlesinger, L. B., Pinizzotto, A. J., & Davis, E. F. (2008). Serial and single-victim rapists: differences in crime-scene violence, interpersonal involvement, and criminal sophistication. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 26(2), 227-237. doi:10.1002/bsl.804 Salter, Anna C. (2004). Predators: pedophiles, rapists, & other sex offenders: Who they are and how they operate, and how we can protect ourselves and our children. New York, NY: Basic Books. Warren, J., Reboussin, R., Hazelwood, R. R., Cummings, A., Gibbs, N., & Trumbetta, S. (1998). Crime scene and distance correlates of serial rape. Journal Of Quantitative Criminology, 14(1), 35-59. Reese, Mary. (2013). Frequently asked questions about the change in UCR definition of rape. Accessed on March 5, 2014. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/recent-program-updates/new-rape-definition-frequently-asked-questions
Knight, Zelda G. "Sexually Motivated Serial Killers And The Psychology Of Aggression And "Evil" Within A Contemporary Psychoanalytical Perspective." Journal Of Sexual Aggression 13.1 (2007): 21-35. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Web. 1 May 2014.
Holmes and Holmes developed this typology based on various characteristics of the crime scenes and the victims themselves of 110 interviews of selected offenders and serial murders (Canter & Wentink, 2004). David Canter and Natalia Wentink conducted an empirical test of this typology and developed several criticisms to their work. Their empirical test concluded that the features described for each category tend to co-occur within each other. For example, the characteristics of a lust killer include a controlled crime scene, evidence of torture, the body being moved, a specific type of victim, no weapon left at the crime scene, and rape; all of these features are also included for the thrill killer. This makes it difficult to categorize these
The vast amount of research has provided several explanations to account for the behavior of the offenders and the low rate in which sexual assault cases initiate criminal proceedings through a variety of theoretical perspectives. These include the classical approaches that focus on the individual who has committed sexual assault and the positivist approaches that aim to explain the social factors that influence the prosecution rates th...
Generally, the public views women as nurturers, motherly and incapable of harming a child. Research indicates that female sex offenders capable of committing such acts have serious psychiatric and psychological problems. In comparison, research indicates male sex offenders are more callous, more antisocial, and promiscuous, involved in the criminal justice system, and have more victims (Miccio-Fenseca, 2012, slide 7). The consensus is that men commit their acts for sexual pleasure while women commit their acts due to psychiatric and psychological problems. Law enforcement, juries, and judges tend to empathize more when there are additional mitigating factors, such as emotional or psychological problems.
Serial killers commonly attack a single target at a time one on one. There also tends to be no or very little relation between the person being killed and the killer (murder 1). “The nature of this drive has been heavily debated, but there is a consensus on some points (Anderson 1).” Many researchers have noted sexual behavior in the murder.
Keeney and Heide (1994) define serial murder to be the premeditated murder of three or more victims committed over time, in separate incidents, in a civilian context, with the murder being chosen by the offender. In recent years, there has been a considerable amount of research conducted in order to better understand and profile both male and female serial killers. With this new research in the law enforcement system, more information about female serial killers and how they tend to differ from their male counterparts is more accessible. The differences between male and female serial killers vary in many different areas such as victim damage, victim torture, weapon/method, stalking versus luring behavior, crime scene organization, reasons for murder, substance abuse history, psychiatric diagnosis, and household composition (Keeney and Heide, 1994). These differences, along with information describing the social background of the perpetrator, provide researchers and individuals in the law enforcement system with substantial signs that can be used to prevent further serial murders....
...ists may not have the same strength of inhibition to the rape stimuli (Barbaree & Marshall, 1991). Similarly, the response compatibility perspective (Blader & Marshall, 1989) identifies differences in inhibitory mechanisms. This position argues that rape cues cannot stimulate an individual to rape as non-consent and violence occur as a product of rape not as an antecedent. These authors postulate that aggression and sexual arousal are mutually inhibitory mechanisms in the normal male. Such that, if an individual is sexually aroused, it precludes an aggressive response at the same time. However, in the rapist these two mechanisms function together and are thus seen as compatible. It is argued that this is the defining feature of rape. There is some evidence for this inhibitory model in the literature (Lohr, Adams & Davis, 1997), although much remains to be conducted.
In the male typologies there are separate categories for child molesters and rapists, which is largely due to fact that they offend in very different ways. However, for the female typologies there is no such distinction, because all except one of the typologies have victims who are on average less than 15 years old (Vandiver & Kercher, 2004).The Aggressive Homosexual Offender is the only typology with an adult offender, however the victims are female (Vandiver & Kercher, 2004).The lack of a typology for female offenders with male adult victims could be due to certain factors playing a part in society. In particular, in today’s rape culture there is the belief that women cannot physically rape men. One reason why this belief is held is because society views women as physically weaker than men and are unable to overpower men. The male sex drive discourse also adds to this belief if men can never refuse sex than they essentially can never be raped. This belief has various problems for both men and women. The lack of a typology that includes adult male victims minimizes and ignores real men that were victimized by women. Not including men in the victim analysis sends the message that they are not ‘real’ victims. In contrast to that, since these victims are not seen as ‘real’ victims, the female offenders are not seen as ‘real’ offenders. By
Rape is not just an action against an individual, but a violent crime that can scar a life
Seto, M. & Barbaree, H. (1999). Psychopathy, Treatment Behavior, and Sex Offender Recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 14, pp.1235-1248
College campuses are one of the most popular scenes for crimes of rape to occur. A disturbing statistic resea...
Arndt, W., Hietpas, T., & Kim, J (2004). Critical characteristics of male serial murderers. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 29(1).
In late March of 2005, emails and text messages began to spread of a very serious and new crime tactic used by rapists. There were many variations to the content of the emails and text messages, but the overall message was the same. Apparently, a woman upon leaving her place of work came upon a crying child on the road. When she asked the child what happened, the child replied, “I am lost. Can you take me home please?” Non-suspecting of any foul play she took the child to the address. The woman awoke the next day in an empty house, naked covered in semen with many condoms thrown around the room. What is worse is that she had no recollection of what had occurred the night before. (“Example 2.” Rapist Luring Victims with Crying Baby).
The definition of rape according to the FBI used be “The carnal knowledge of a female, forcibly and against her will” which only included women, because the thought was that men could not be the victim because they were always they offender, however males can and have been
Rape is considered to be one element in the “Big Six” of the most common sex-related crimes. It is defined as the unlawful act of sexual activity forced upon a person who did not or was unable to give willing to give consent. There are four main types of a rapist that center around their modus operandi: Power Reassurance, Anger Retaliation, Power Assertive, and Sadistic. The goals of a Power Reassurance rapist are to gain a validation of their status and to validate their sexual adequacy. They view the act as a reassurance of a mutual relationship between them and the victim, and they usually force the victim into acting out their sexual fantasies. This could be done by demanding that the victim talks dirty or by asking reassuring questions