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Urinary system infection case study
Literature review for urinary tract infection
Urinary system infection case study
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When one speaks of transmittable diseases one does not often think that cystitis is one of the most prevalent. Cystitis effects both genders, the young, the old and can lead to complications that can do irreparable damage to the urinary tract. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the disease of cystitis and relate the specific virulence factors of Escherichia coli to the prevalence and symptoms of cystitis. This will be accomplished by defining the disease, its etiology and the causative agent. The mode of transmission and risk factors will be discussed as well, the pathogenesis, signs and symptoms will be explained. Finally dietary and nutritional implication along with treatment and prognosis will conclude this paper.
Definition of Disease
Cystitis more commonly known as a urinary tract infection (UTI) or bacteriuria is a chronic infectious disease defined as inflammation of the urinary tract including the bladder and urinary tissue. Signs and symptoms develop due to aggravated epithelial tissue that line the bladder and urinary tract effected by the bacteria infecting them. There is a greater prevalence in women than in men, however when men develop a UTI they are at greater risk for complications such as pyelonephritis or septicemia (Lehne 2013). Bauman (2013) states that 32% of women will experience cystitis in their lifetime. Lehne (2013) states that up to 35% of sexually active females will develop a urinary tract infection each year and that up to 50% of females in nursing homes have cystitis at any given time.
Etiology
A urinary tract infection in humans is caused when a pathogen such as Escherichia coli that normally resides in our intestinal tract is transferred through inadvertent means to a urethra. McCance (20...
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... Treatment of Infectios Diseases. 5 Wall Street Bulington, MA 01803: Jones and Bartlett Learning 5 Wall Street Bulington, MA 01803. Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?id=xXPL2rfvfL8C&lpg=PR1&pg=PR2#v=onepage&q&f= false
Di Martino, P., Agniel, R., David, K., Templer, C., Gaillard, J., Denys, P., & Botto, H. (2006). Reduction of Escherichia coli adherence to uroepithelial bladder cells after consumption of cranberry juice: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled cross-over trial. World Journal of Urology, 24(1), 21-27. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.nic.bc.ca:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.nic.bc.ca:20 48/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mnh&AN=16397814&site=ehost-live
Bauman, R. W. Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, Subs of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc 2013 United States ed of 4th revised ed.
ABSTRACT: Water samples from local ponds and lakes and snow runoff were collected and tested for coliform as well as Escherichia coli. Humans as well as animals come into contact with these areas, some are used for recreational activities such as swimming and some are a source of drinking water for both animals and humans The main goal of this experiment was to see which lakes, snow run off and ponds tested positive for coliform or Escherichia coli and to come up with some reasoning as to why. It was found that the more remote pond with less contact contained the most Escherichia coli. However, another lake that many swim in and use as their drinking water indeed tested positive for a small amount of Escherichia coli. The two samples from the snow showed negative results for both coliform and Escherichia coli and the two more public ponds that aren’t as commonly used as a source of human drinking water but animal drinking water tested in the higher range for coliforms but in the little to no Escherichia coli range. It was concluded that the remote pond should be avoided as it’s not a safe source of drinking water for humans or animals. Other than that, the the other ponds are likely to be safe from Escherichia coli, but coliforms are a risk factor.
Symptoms for urethritis are mild including frequency of urination and pyuria (presence of white blob cells in the urine). Cystitis (bladder infection) symptoms are easier to distinguish and include back pain, concentrated appearance, urgency, hematuria (presence of red blood cells in the urine), a...
Tadić, A., Wagner, S., Hoch, J., Başkaya, Ö., von Cube, R., Skaletz, C., ... & Dahmen, N. (2009).
E. coli are bacteria that can cause an infection in various parts of your body, including your intestines. E. coli bacteria normally live in the intestines of people and animals. Most types of E. coli do not cause infections, but some produce a poison (toxin) that can cause diarrhea. Depending on the toxin, this can cause mild or severe diarrhea.
Zhang, Y. B., Harwood, J., Williams, A., Ylänne-McEwen, V., Wadleigh, P. M., & Thimm, C.
Slack, John M. and I. S. Snyder. Bacteria and Human Disease. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1978.
Tackett, J. L., Lahey, B. B., van Hulle, C., Waldman, I., Krueger, R. F., & Rathouz, P. J. (2013).
The urinary tract is our body’s system for removing waste and excess fluids from our bodies, and the normal function of the urinary track depends on all of the various parts working together. The process begins in the kidneys where blood is filtered, producing one to two quarts of urine daily. From the kidneys, the urine the passes through thin tubes of muscle (ureters) to the bladder, a hollow, balloon-shaped organ that expands as it fills with urine. The bladder stores the urine until people find an appropriate time and place to urinate. However, problems in the normal function of the urinary track can be affected by urinary tract infections, or UTI’s
Kobau, R., Zack, M. M., Manderscheid, R., Palpant, R. G., Morales, D. S., Luncheon, C., et al.
Urinary tract infections can be caused by urine that has become contaminated by the normal flora of the urethra. To be absolutely sure that the infection is indeed a UTI, the numbers of organisms present or the species isolated must be present.
Certain lifestyle modifications help prevent urinary tract infections in both men and women, while some prevent UTIs, especially in females.
In 2005, I was diagnosed with an inflammatory bladder condition called Interstitial Cystitis (IC). My IC symptoms included intense bladder pain, pelvic pain, urinary frequency, a constant, strong urge to urinate, and more. Certain foods and drinks also irritated my bladder, forcing me to make drastic dietary changes. While women are the more likely to be diagnosed with IC, it also impacts men and children. Like Lyme disease, there is no foolproof test to diagnosis IC, and many patients take an average of five to seven years to be correctly diagnosed.
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very common bacterial infection that can affect any part of the urinary system, including the bladder, kidneys, or urethra. Patients can experience lower or upper infections. Lower UTIs affect the bladder and urethra, while upper UTIs involve the ureters and kidneys. Upper UTIs have the potential to be more serious due to the increased risk of damage to the kidneys. Very rarely are the ureters the main site of an infection. Additionally, UTIs can have different names depending on what part of the urinary system they affect:
Tamborini, Ron ; Eastin, Matthew S. ; Skalski, Paul ; Lachlan, Kenneth ; Fediuk, Thomas A. ;
Barker, V., Giles, H., Hajek, C., Ota, H., Noels, K., Lim, T-S., & Somera, L. (2008).