There are many well known developmental theories explaining human development. In nursing school I was exposed to some of these theories. In reviewing them I can appreciate various aspects of each of them. Looking back at my childhood I realized that many of these theories applied to me. I think the theory that best fits my perception of the stages of development would be Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. Erikson theorizes there are 8 stages we progress through from infancy until adulthood. The 8 stages include Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation and Ego Integrity vs Despair. In each stage the individual will be confronted with a challenge and hopefully master that challenge before moving onto the next stage. Stages 1-5 focus on childhood development from birth up until adolescence. An interesting aspect of his theory is that through in each of the 8 stages our biological force is constantly negotiating with sociocultural forces and depending on how the individual reconciles this forces will determine if the individual carries on the virtue into the remaining developmental life stages. The first stage in Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development is Trust vs. Mistrust, which is characterized by oral-sensory and occurs from birth until age 2 years old. During this stage the infant depends on the parents to fulfill it’s basic needs. During this stage the infant will either develop trust or mistrust depending on how well the parents meet their need for warmth, regularity and affection. If they are neglected or abused they may see the world as undependable and unpred... ... middle of paper ... ...ost their self esteem and motivation to succeed. The fifth stage is Identity vs. Role Confusion and occurs from age 13-19 years old. During this stage adolescence are most concerned with their body image and how they appear to others. The adolescent is going through puberty and experiences profound bodily changes. This is the transition period from childhood to adulthood and is the time when we develop our sense of identity. I feel that having a sense of identity is important in giving young adults a sense of direction with regards to their future and what they want to accomplish in life. In conclusion I feel that as a nurse and parent it is very important to have an understanding of the various stages children go through. Knowing how to nurture your child through each stage will help your child grow up into a healthy, motivated and well adjusted individual.
In accordance to Erikson’s developmental framework, nurses are required to understand each developmental stage. Erikson added that nurses can play a crucial role in enhancing a person's development by understanding his developmental stage. Moreover, supporting and encouraging the individual’s behaviour can strengthen his beliefs and solve his developmental issues. (Concept growth)
The developmental stage of a patient is of importance to nursing care because knowledge of human growth and development is basic to the healthcare of individuals across the life span. Thus, in order for healthcare professionals to properly and appropriately care for their patients, an understanding of the different stages of development and tasks to be accomplished in each stage is necessary.
Psychosocial development throughout the Life Cycle theory (sometimes known as individual development theory) proposes that each individual has the ability to master their environment at all stages of life (Coady & Lehman, 2008; Hutchison, 2008). The theory had its beginnings in Freud’s psychosexual stages of child development; however Erikson is responsible for laying the groundwork for the theory as it is known today, by proposing an epigenetic model of human development (Hutchison, 2008).
The first stage is infancy and it covers the first year of life. The issue in this stage is trust versus mistrust. This is a stage where an infant is completely dependent on their caregiver. Trust is built by the actions of the caregiver taking care of the child by feeding, bathing, changing diapers, showing affection, etc. If a child is not well taken care of then that child will not learn to trust others. New parents struggle with this stage a lot because of the loss of freedom and the diversion of some attention from spouse to newborn child. It is known as the oral-sensory stage because infants use their mouth to explore their new world. Parents must meet the
Adolescence refers to the transition period experienced by children that occur between childhood and adulthood (Shefer, 2011). Identity is first confronted in adolescence between the ages 12 – 19 years old, because of physical and hormonal changes in the body. It is also due to the introduction of formal operations in cognitive development and societal expectation that this contributes to an individual’s identity to be explored and established (McAdams, 2009). The forces within and outside (family, community) the individual that promote identity development usually create a sense of tension. The basic task is, in Erikson’s terms, “fidelity or truthfulness and consistency to one’s core self or faith in one’s ideology” (Fleming, 2004: 9), in a nutshell: "Who am I and where am I
Out of the eight stages, the first four play a key role in developing ego identity (Gordon & Browne, 2014). Stage one is trust versus mistrust which occurs between birth and a year (Gordon & Browne, 2014). Erikson describes two levels of trust; the first is that significant adults will be present to meet their needs and the second is that they will believe in their ability to make changes and cope (Gordon & Browne, 2014). The characteristic for stage one is hope (Gordon & Browne, 2014). Stage two is autonomy versus doubt which occurs between 2 years of age to 3 (Gordon & Browne, 2014). In this stage the child learns to manage and control impulses and use motor and mental skills (Gordon & Browne, 2014). Willpower is the characteristic that best goes with stage two (Gordon & Browne, 2014). Stage three is initiative versus guilt which occurs between ages 3 to 5 or 6 years (Gordon & Browne, 2014). During this stage the child develops a sense of purpose and adult interaction is necessary for a positive outcome during this stage of life (Gordon & Browne, 2014). Purpose is best used to describe this stage in Erikson’s theory of development (Gordon & Browne,
Psychosocial development is development on a social realm. Psychosocial development is how one develops their mind, maturity level, and emotions over the course of one’s life. The rate of development depends on different factors such as biological processes as well as environmental factors. A man named Erik Erikson who was a psychoanalyst who believed that early childhood successes and failures were responsible for influencing later developmental stages developed this theory. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is based around the theory that social experience has an impact over an entire lifespan. There are eight stages developmental stages of development in the psychosocial theory and I will briefly examine all eight stages in this
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. (n.d.). Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved April 23, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development
“According to Erikson’s theory, every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle.” (“Erikson’s stages of development,” 2016). An example would be basic trust and mistrust. This stage is from birth up to a year old. A baby develops trust when being held, fed, or simply being touched. If the baby does not develop trust it will result in the baby having insecurity and mistrust. Another example would be identity vs role confusion, this stage is during adolescence. During this age adolescents begin to discover their identity, those who do not begin to try to be like others which is also known as “fitting
The fifth stage, according to Erik Erikson psychoanalytic theory of development is the Identity Vs Identity confusion. The stage occurs during adolescence in the ages between 12 to 18 years. At this stage, the adolescents try to find a sense of personal and self-identity by intensely exploring their personal goals, beliefs, and values (McLeod, 2017). Notably, the adolescence is between childhood and adulthood. Thus, their mind is between the morality learned during childhood and the ethics they are trying to develop into adulthood. The transitioning from childhood to adulthood is the most important development for a person because the individual is becoming independent and is focusing on the future regarding career, relationships, families
Out of the massive contributions made to developmental psychology, no psychologist had made a more significant contribution than Erik Erikson. As a young man, Erikson was highly influenced by the Freud family and their school of thought. However, Erikson disagreed with the Freudian concept of psychosexual stages, the idea that humans undergo stages of development and resolve basic conflicts by physical and pleasurable gratification (Santrock, 22). “According to Freud, the primary motivation for human behavior is sexual in nature according to Erikson, it is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people,” (Santrock, 23). Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory is a well rounded view of life- span development, it incorporates important conflicts during each stage of development that most people can relate to and apply to their own development.
The first stage, which happens between birth and 18 months, is trust vs. mistrust. During this stage, an infant is confused about the world being a safe place and wonders if his or her needs will be met. As a result, the infant looks to the primary caretaker for consistent care and hope that his or her needs can be met. Erikson explains that those that receive constant care during this stage will develop a sense of trust. The basic virtue in this stage is hope. The second stage of this theory is autonomy vs. shame and doubt, which happens between 18 months and 3 years. During this stage, there is an increase in mobility and independence. Erikson explains that it is critical to allow the child to explore their limits and allow failure. The basic virtue in this stage is will. Initiative vs. Guilt that happens between 3 and 5 years is the stage that follows. During this stage, children take more initiative to engage with peers. Erikson explains that during this stage if children are given the opportunity to take initiative, they will develop a sense of security in their ability to lead. The basic virtue in this stage is purpose. Industry vs. Inferiority, which happens between 5 and 12 years, emphasizes school and friendships. Erikson believes that during this stage, children will seek approval from others by displaying skills that are valued by others. Additionally, he believes that if
No matter who you are I believe that everyone will go through stages in their life that will get them to where they are on today. I am a person who has a very interesting story; this is the first time it will be told in full. We were asked to use Erik Erikson’s theory of development as a guideline to telling the story of our lives. At first I was very nervous; however, I soon realized that this would be a fun task. Erik Erikson has eight stages of Development (Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman). I will be walking you though my life using each one of his stages drawing out the map of my life. Within my life I have had some very interesting encounters. I have been through foster care, abuse, rape, molestation, starvation, adoption, depression, and success. Although my life may not be perfect, I believe that I have overcome these battles and become the person that I am on today. I will be talking about a few crises, milestones, and some of the people that were set in place to help me and or hurt me.
The infancy stage of development begins with the child is born, and continues until about eighteen months. During this stage a lot of growth takes place, especially physical growth. This stage of development coincides with Erikson’s stage of trust vs. mistrust.
Erikson’s first stage of development is the Trust versus Mistrust stage that occurs from birth till the first 18 months of life. According to Erickson this is the period in which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, depending largely on how well their caregivers meet their needs (Feldman). During this stage of my life I was being taken care of by both Mom and Dad, but primarily by Mom. My mom was a stay at home parent while my dad worked. Both my