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Epstein- Barr Virus essay introduction
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Epstein-Barr virus – The Tale of the Kissing Consequence
Written by: Kelsea Fehr (1399878)
Kelly was the girl that everyone wanted, she had an amazing laugh, beautiful skin, long wavy hair, but most of all, Kelly had luscious lips. All the boys ever dreamt of was kissing Kelly, their dream was closer of becoming true than what they thought. Kelly had agreed to take part in the fair kissing booth where all proceeds would go to charity. All of the boys lined up one by one to have their one chance with the best set of lips the town had to offer.
About 30- 50 days later, there was a strange number of students not able to attend the local high school. 4 They described symptoms of fatigue, fever, sore throat, cough, rhinitis, tonsillar swelling, swollen lymph nodes particularly in the cervical region and nose, headache, myalgia, loss of appetite, excessive sweating, blotchy red or bruise-like rash, and swelling around the eyes. 4 No one could figure out why all of these seemingly healthy adolescent males had suddenly been hit with such deteriorating symptoms. Dr. Jones started getting worried mothers bringing in their sick teenagers. One particular 16 year old male came into Dr. Jones’ clinic that day named Johnny. He assessed Jonny and noticed extremely swollen lymph nodes in his neck as well as significant swelling around the eyes. Dr. Jones had a sneaking suspicion about what the disease could be but had to run some tests to make sure. The test he decided to conduct is called a MONOSPOT that tests for Heterophile antibodies that are produced during IM. 2 The Monospot came back positive, confirming that Johnny had indeed contracted the Epstein- Barr Virus (EBV) and more specifically a disease called Infectious Mononucleosis (IM...
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...tion. EBV blocks apoptosis and proliferation of cells is unimpeded resulting in diseases such as lymphoma. 2
Johnny had definitely learnt his lesson that day. He recovered from IM a month later and vowed to never engage in risky kissing ever again. He proceeded to become a doctor and married a nurse who knew the implications of contracting EBV, she even had beautiful lips.
References:
Gnarpe J. Medical microbiology for health professionals. Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Pub. Co.; 2012.
Junker A. Epstein-Barr Virus (2006, March). [cited March 28, 2014]; Available from American Academy of Pediatrics.
Leiberman P. Epstein-Barr Virus Turns 50. (2014, March 21). [cited March 27, 2014]; Available from PubMed.
Schub T, March P. Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. (2014, Feb 21), [cited March 27, 2014]; Available from: CINAHL Plus with Full Text.
Merriam-Webster defines mononucleosis as: "an acute infectious disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by fever, swelling of lymph nodes, and lymphocytosis."1 It is more commonly called "mono," or "the kissing disease." When I was thirteen, I caught this dreaded disease, and it changed the ways I acted around my friends forever.
and ears, and in the mouth and pharynx. The causative virus has been shown to be
Dr. Kinghorn, G. (2014, January 14). Dr. george kinghorn: "an update on herpes simplex". Retrieved from http://www.herpes.org.uk/art_kinghorn.html
This is an infection rooted from the same virus that causes cold sores from within the body. Herpes encephalitis is a brain infection caused by the immune system that basically eats away at a portion of the brain. It is usually found in cases involving young infants. the symptoms include fever, headache, seizures, focal weakness, and on rare occasions memory loss. If caught in time, this infection is curable. The doctors thought that they had caught her infection in time, but things seemed spiral downwards after she was diagnosed. After the hallucinations, Connie began to forget crucial pieces of information. She still believed she was living on her farm in Volga. She couldn’t identify one of her granddaughter who had come to see her. Some days she didn't have the ability to speak. Soon another symptom of the infection arose. Connie would receive seizures. After a week in the hospital receiving treatment and medication, nothing seemed to be working. Connie could barely wake up for more than a few minutes at time and when she did those moments were filled with confusion and drowsiness. After much deliberation, her family decided to transport her to hospice. Once moved to hospice, Connie stopped receiving medication for her infection. She was taken off of her food tube and was left to feed herself if and when possible. Many people came to visit her to say their goodbyes. Friends she hadn’t
Mumps is primarily a childhood disease, occurring most frequently between the ages of 5 to 9, although it was also known as a problem for soldiers during war because of the sanitary conditions and close proximity. For instance, in World War I only influenza and gonorrhea were more prevalent among the armies. It replicates inside the nose, throat, and regional lymph nodes. The virus incubates for about 14-18 days, and then a viremia occurs for about 3-5 days. During the viremia it can spread to the meninges, salivary glands, testes, ovaries and pancreas. Out of the infected population, 30 to 40% get swollen parotid salivary glands, with most of the rest being asymptomatic or having only respiratory problems. Around 60% of patients have asymptomatic meningitis, with up to 15% progressing to symptomatic. Encephalitis is also possible, occurring in around 5/100,000 cases. The encephalitis almost always results in some permanent hearing loss, and was historically the leading cause of hearing loss in children. Orchitis (testicular swelling) happens in up to 50% of post-pubertal males, with oophritis (ovarian swelling) happening in only 5% of women. Orchitis often results in testicular atrophy but very rarely in sterility.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a severe and common virus that has infected ‘more than two billion people alive today at some point in their life.’1 It is a hepadanavirus that interferes with the liver functions as it replicates in the hepatocytes (liver cells) and induces a immune response that is responsible for the inflammation of liver.2 Viruses are not motile, which means that HBV is also sessile and does not form spores. The spherical virion, is called a Dane Particle3 that is 42nm in diameter binds to the surface of hepatocyte.1 The virion itself contains an inner protein core, 27nm thick filled with circular partially double stranded DNA, DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase.1 It is an enveloped virus, so it also holds an outer lipoprotein envelope4 that is 7nm thick and is comprised of many embedded surface proteins such as surface antigen for viral binding and entry.1 HBV has an average incubation period of three months, which means that it does not start showing symptoms for the first three months that the person is infected and that person can unknowingly infect others.2 ...
Many people have already been exposed to Epstein-Barr virus as young children, but only thirty-five to fifty percent of cases develop into infectious mononucleosis. When children are infected, the child may show a few symptoms, but most likely will not be diagnosed with mono. Once infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, a person will carry it for the rest of their life. If someone receives the virus and does not develop mono, the virus lies dormant until it is activated by another attack. It can be spread by cou...
There are four phases of Hepatitis B: infection, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. In the first phase, HBV invades the liver and goes for the nucleus, where it releases contents of DNA and polymerase into the surroundings. It then maneuvers its way to the cell’s components and enzymes. The polymerase sways the liver cells to make segments of the HBV DNA from RNA. The virus makes liver cells create spare parts for other HBV viruses. Replicas are released from liver cell into the bloodstream, destroying host cell and infecting other healthy liver cells. This entire process can take a few hours to occur, but must continue multiple times for serious damage to occur. The second phase is inflammation. Inflammation is caused by lymphocytes trying to get rid of the virus, but they also release harmful chemicals that damage the cells and take part in damaging the liver. The third phase is fibrosis. Fibrosis is scar tissue caused by inflammation and chronic infection. According to Everson and Weinburg, (2002, pg. 64) “Only 5/10% of people develop chronic Hepatitis B from acute Hepa...
Acute HBV infection is the most common type of infection in low endemic countries. The incubation period, from transmission to clearness, ranges from 40-180 days. The infection is either symptomatic or asymptomatic/ fulminant hepatitis. Children under the age of 5 years rarely experience symptomatic infection (10%), where’s about 30-40% infected adults and children above age 5 experience a symptomatic infection with yellowing of skin and teeth, vomiting, fatigue, laxity and abdominal pain [1].
Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days. His positive result of nasopharyngeal aspirate for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) indicates that Liam has acute bronchiolitis which is a viral infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). “Bronchiolitis is the commonest reason for admission to hospital in the first 6 months of life. It describes a clinical syndrome of cough tachypnoea, feeding difficulties and inspiratory crackles on chest auscultation” (Fitzgerald, 2011, p.160). Bronchiolitis can cause respiratory distress and desaturation (91% in the room air) to Liam due to airway blockage; therefore the infant appears to have nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and tachypnoea (54 breathes/min) during breathing (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Tachycardia (152 beats/min) could occur due to hypoxemia and compensatory mechanism for low blood pressure (74/46mmHg) (Fitzgerald, 2011; Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Moreover, Liam has fever and conjunctiva injection which could be a result of infection, as evidenced by high temperature (38.6°C) and bilateral tympanic membra...
“This knowledge will help us design drugs that mimic the viral effects on these proteins to either activate a host’s immune response or shut it down,” said Dr. Michael Gale, associate ...
The Ebola virus was discovered in 1976. It has four strains, each from a different geographic area, but all give their victims the same painful, often lethal symptoms.
The Ebola Haemorrahagic Fever, or Ebola for short, was first recognized as a virus in 1967. The first breakout that caused the Ebola virus to be recognized was in Zaire with 318 people infected and 280 killed. There are five subtypes of the Ebola virus, but only four of them affect humans. There are the Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Ivory Coast and the Ebola-Bundibugyo. The fifth one, the Ebola-Reston, only affects nonhuman primates. The Ebola-Zaire was recognized on August 26, 1976 with a 44 year old schoolteacher as the first reported case. The Ebola-Sudan virus was also recognized in 1976 and was thought to be that same as Ebola-Zaire and it is thought to have broken out in a cotton factory in the Sudan. The Ebola-Ivory Coast was first discovered in 1994 in chimpanzees in the Tia Forest in Africa. On November 24, 2007, the Ebola-Bundibugyo branch was discovered with an approximate total of 116 people infected in the first outbreak and 39 deaths. The Ebola-Reston is the only one of the five subtypes to not affect humans, only nonhuman primates. It first broke out in Reston, Virginia in 1989 among crab eating macaques.
Bratton, R. L., Whiteside, J. W., Hovan, M. J., Engle, R. L., Edwards, F. D. (2008). Diagnosis
Brownleek, Shannon. “The Most Persistent Virus.” U.S. News and World Report 29 May. 1995: 43-49.