Personal security of soldiers in armed combat involved developing methods of protecting the body from mortal wounds, thus increasing the survivability rate of one’s forces. The solution for Hittites was body amour and shields. The Hittites body amour was composed of overlapping bronze scales that deflected or trapped arrows. In addition, the Hittites wore bronze helmets as well to protect the head against arrows and blows from axes. For additional protection in close combat, especially from edged weapons, a shield was used to parry attacks. The Hittites favored two types of shields, the circular and figure eight, believed to be utilized by the Chariot squad. Both were lightweight, constructed of wood and overlaid with leather (Bryce (Bryce Trevor, 2007, p. 19).
The earliest recorded evidence of any organized warfare in Egypt is in 3000 BC, the war that resulted in the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Narmer, the fist king of Egypt. But, in recent years the German Archaeological Institute has uncovered new artifacts that suggest a much earlier time period for warfare in Egypt. At the upper Egyptian site of Abydos the Institute has found so much new cultural material that a Dynasty ‘0”, (3150-3050 BC) has been created. Artifacts found Abydos and Nekhen from Dynasty “0” suggest that the Egyptians may have been engaged in some type organized warfare some 150 years before Narmer and the war of unification. Ceremonial maces and slate palettes have been found depicting violent militaristic scenes with use of the same weapons utilized by the First Dynasty (Morkot, 2003, p. xxxvi).
Through military expansion, Egypt grew over centuries and became an empire controlling most of the ancient Middle East. Its territory extended nor...
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The Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798 – Napoleon in Egypt, was written by the Egyptian born scholar and jurist, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti (c. 1753-c.1825) between 1798 and 1801, framing the French occupation of Egypt. Both the Middle East and Europe, during the late 17th century were in a state of redefinition. Although the chronicle had covered only the brief period during first seven months of 36, it serves as a crucial accounting. Clearly illustrated is a paradigmatic shift between a modern culture and an antiquated system with a chronicle of events that swings between something that is merely observational to something written by an emotionally charged spectator. Although the work has been widely accepted, there is still some speculation as to degrees of censorship and possible omissions through various translations.
Campbell, J.B., and Tritle, Lawrence A. THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF WARFARE IN THE CLASSICAL WORLD. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Print
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Military History: The Definitive Visual Guide to the Objects of Warfare. New York: DK Publishing, Inc., 2012. Print.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any nation in the world. Written history of Egypt dates back to about 5,000 years, the commencement of civilization. While there is divergence in relation to Early Egyptian times, it is said that Egypt came to be around 3200 B.C., during the reign of a king by the name of Menes and unified the northern and southern cities of Egypt into one government. In 1675 B.C., Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos, people from the east, bringing along the very first of chariots and horses ever to come across Egyptian soil. Approximately 175 years later in 1500 B.C., the Egyptians had gotten rid of the Hyksos and driven them out. In 1375 B.C., Amenhotep IV had become the king of Egypt. During his reign he eliminated the worship of Egyptian gods and initiated the idea of only worshipping one god. But after his death, his ideas were retired and old ways were reestablished. Egyptian supremacy then started to decline around 1000 B.C. Between 1000 B.C. and 332 B.C., Egypt was ruled by many such as the Libyans, Assyrians, Ethiopians, and Persians. In 640, Muslims conquered Egypt and founded the city of Cairo in 969 and deemed it as the capital of Egypt. For many centuries Egypt was ruled by Muslim caliphs. A prominent ruler of this period was Saladin, who battled the Christian Crusaders at the conclusion of the twelfth century. In 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt but was then forced to withdraw in 1801 Turkish and British armed forces. In 1805 Mohamed Ali began ruling Egypt till 1848 and great changed the country in terms of modernization and its military. During Mohamed’s conquest, he borrowed a lot of money from the French and British, which later resulted in Egypt’s coloniza...
Rothenberg, Gunther E. Review of Battle: A History of Combat and Culture, by John A.
Warfare was in a state of transition. Older commanders and generals in the French and British militaries were very cavalry and infantry focused. These commanders believed that cavalry, infantry, and artillery would assure victory in any circumstance, against any foe. They clung to the static tactics of the bygone World War I era. World War I had been fought primarily on French soil, and the military as well as the government never wanted that to happen again, therefore they wanted to reinforce their main border against any future German. Little did they know that only twenty two years later they would be bested by German forces in a way that would shock the world. This research will be analyzing many important assumptions, oversights,...
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Ancient Egypt occupied the role of the leading civilization for nearly thirty centuries. After the unification of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt in 3100 B.C.E., the unified nation prevailed until it was conquered in 332 B.C.E. by Alexander the Great. The success and longevity of the Egyptians are due to their geographic position allowing natural fortification of their territory and the Nile River, which is an important economic asset, the pharaoh’s power allowing for continued unity, as well as their bureaucratic system maintaining stability throughout the nation.
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ROLE OF EGYPT IN THE FATIMID DYNASTY'S IMPERIAL DESIGN (IRAQ)." Order No. 8621295, University of Michigan, 1986. http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=
The ancient Egyptian Art and Architecture comprises of sculptures, monuments, decorative crafts and paintings which were made during the dynastic period in the Nile Valley regions of Nubia and Egypt around First 3 millennia BC. The Egyptian course of art is greatly parallel to the country’s history of politics; in addition it depends on the belief of permanence about the divine and naturally ordained order. Artistic achievements in both representational art and architecture was aimed at preserving conventions and forms which were held for reflecting the perfection of their world during the primordial creation moment and for embodying the relationship between the king, the pantheon of gods and humankind. The geographic factors were crucial in forming and adding character to the Egyptian art. In the ancient world, Egypt had the most conventional agricultural system with the River Nile as it provided life stability in which architecture, arts and crafts started to flourish. In addition, the sea and deserts protected Egypt from all sides and discouraged any serious invasion for more than 2,000 years. Rich in fine stones and minerals desert hills were always there to be exploited by craftsmen and artisans. The only thing lacking was wood which led ancient Egyptians to foreign expeditions to Somalia, Lebanon and through some intermediaries they even reached tropical Africa. Generally, searching for precious and useful materials helped in determining foreign policy directions and establishing trade routes which ultimately led to enrichment of material culture of Ancient Egypt (Garnet and James Jr.).