The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The higher the hydrogen ion concentration, the lower the pH. Most enzymes function efficiently over a narrow pH range. A change in pH above or below this range reduces the rate of enzyme reaction considerably. Changes in pH lead to the breaking of the ionic bonds that hold the tertiary structure of the enzyme in place. The enzyme begins to lose its functional shape, particularly the shape of the active site, such that the substrate will no longer fit into it, the enzyme is said to be denatured. Also changes in pH affect the charges on the amino acids within the active site such that the enzyme will not be able to form an enzyme-substrate complex. The pH at which an enzyme catalyses a reaction at the maximum rate is called the optimum pH. This can vary considerably from pH 2 for pepsin to pH 9 for pancreatic lipase. Results ======= pH 1 2 3 Average Rate of Reaction (cm3/s) 3 0 0 0 0 0.000 5 0 0 0 0 0.000 7 63 106 55 74.7 1.245 9 70 135 90 98.3 1.638 11 85 135 70 96.8 1.613 [IMAGE][IMAGE] Conclusion ========== From looking at the results I can conclude that when the pH was 3 and 5 no oxygen was produced, therefore no reactions were taking place. This was because the pH had a high hydrogen ion content, which caused the breaking of the ionic bonds that hold the tertiary structure of the enzyme in place. The enzyme lost its functional shape, particularly the shape of the active site, such that the substrate no
More hydrogen ions in a solution is a result of lower pH, while fewer hydrogen ions in a solution is a result of increased pH. Meaning that a lower pH level results in a higher enzyme activity reaction and a higher pH level results in a lower enzyme activity reaction (Christianson, 2011 ).
Investigating Factors that Affect the Rate of Catalase Action Investigation into the factors which affect the rate of catalase action. Planning Aim: To investigate the affect of concentration of the enzyme catalase on the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme: Catalase is an enzyme found within the cells of many different plants and animals. In this case, it is found in celery.
Enzymes are biological catalysts, chemical reactions. Enzyme may act are called substrates and molecules called enzyme converts these into different products. Enzyme are used commercially, for example, synthesis of antibiotics. The study of enzyme is called enzymology.
The three-dimensional contour limits the number of substrates that can possibly react to only those substrates that can specifically fit the enzyme surface. Enzymes have an active site, which is the specific indent caused by the amino acid on the surface that fold inwards. The active site only allows a substrate of the exact unique shape to fit; this is where the substance combines to form an enzyme- substrate complex. Forming an enzyme-substrate complex makes it possible for substrate molecules to combine to form a product. In this experiment, the product is maltose.
To investigate the amount of oxygen foam (cm) produced by the enzyme catalase when it breaks down hydrogen peroxide in the animal (liver, milk, honey) and plant cells(potato, purple cabbage) into oxygen and water
oxygen. Before I do this I must do a preliminary plan to see what my
The effect of a change in PH on enzymes is the alteration in the ionic
If I was to do this experiment again I might use a Fungi amylase to
Additional credit is given...for their contributions from the dorm tap water, and the house tap water. Also, for their data given from the same lab procedure.
I decided to experiment with pHs within the range pH 2 to pH7, as I
Chemical Kinetics is the branch of chemistry that studies the speed at which a chemical reaction occur and the factor that influence this speed. What is meant by the speed of a reaction is the rate at which the concentrations of reactants and products change within a time period. Some reactions occur almost instantaneously, while others take days or years. Chemical kinetics understanding I used in the process of designing drugs, controlling pollution and the processing of food. Most of the time chemical kinetics is used to speed or to increase the rate of a reaction rather than to maximize the amount of product. The rate of a reaction is often expressed in terms of change in concentration (Δ [ ]) per unit of time (Δ t). We can measure the rate of a reaction by monitoring either the decrease in concentration (molarity) of the reactant or the increase in the product concentration.
The Applications of Enzymes in Industry and Medicine Enzymes have a wide range of applications and they are used in industry and in medicine to perform numerous different tasks to get specific results. The market for commercially produced enzymes is catalysts is very large because enzymes are used in reactions to speed up a specific process therefore making the process cheaper for the company since they work best in aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure and at low temperatures. Enzymes are used in processes such as beer brewing, drug manufacturing, food manufacturing, in biological detergents, in agriculture, for pharmaceutical uses and even for medical and therapeutic uses. These examples are only a few of the many uses for enzymes and the market is large and ever-growing because of the facility to use microorganisms for the production of pure enzymes in bulk and on demand. Commercially, enzymes have enormous potential.
Investigating a Factor that Affects Enzyme Activity Planning -------- Aim --- To investigate a factor which will affect the activity of catalase, whilst keeping all variables constant. Possible Independent Variables ------------------------------ Here are a number of possible independent variables that could be changed in the experiment: Independent variable Continuous/Discontinuous Easy to measure?