Terbinafine Hydrochloride: Effectively Treating Fungal Problems Abstract Lamisil, which is chemically terbinafine hydrochloride, is the premier antifungal drug on the market. It effectively destroys fungal problems ranging from athlete’s foot to onychomycosis. However, Lamisil has a number of problems associated with it, including cost, side effects, and even effectiveness. Therefore, I created two analogs in an attempt to improve Lamisil, which I will discuss in my paper. Plenty of fungal problems exist, including athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm, and onychomycosis (fungal infection beneath nails). However, many antifungal drugs exist as well, such as Lamisil, which is the most effective. Using the molecule terbinafine hydrochloride, it puts holes in the cell membranes of fungal cells, and can destroy fungi. Despite this, Lamisil has many problems such as harmful side effects, and a high cost, and can therefore be vastly improved. Some of Lamisil’s competitors, such as Tinactin, offer a similar medication for a cheaper price, and other analogs of the drug could prove to be safer and even more effective. For now though, Lamisil, the 87th best selling prescription drug in the world, is the best antifungal medication1. Dermatophytes are parasitic fungi that infect the skin, causing athlete’s foot, ringworn, jock itch, and onychomycosis among other problems. These can result in dryness, itchiness, peeling skin, extreme discomfort, and discoloration of nails. Lamisil is a cure for all of these problems. Lamisil is made with the active ingredient terbinafine hydrochloride (C21H26ClN) 2: 3 Terbinafine hydrochloride is a white, crystalline powder that is sold as Lamisil in tablet, cream, and powder form. ... ... middle of paper ... ...rug/d04012a1>. 3"Terbinafine." DrugBank. 1 Feb. 2007. 23 July 2007 0508.txt>. 4"Terbinafine." How Stuff Works. 2007. 19 July 2007 . 5"Terbinafine." 2007. 23 July 2007 . 6"Tolnaftate." DrugBank. 1 Feb. 2007. 25 July 2007 1607.txt>. 7"Tinactin - Tough Relief." 2007. 27 July 2007 . 8"Butenafine." DrugBank. 1 Feb. 2007. 25 July 2007 000833.txt.> 9"Lotrimin." 2007. 27 July 2007 . 10Chem 3D Pro 10.0 11DS MedChem Explorer
Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal agent that targets the cell membrane of a fungal cell. The cell membrane has a lipid bilayer component consisting of sterols. One of the sterols in this layer is ergo sterol. Ergo sterol provides stability and flexibility to the cell membrane. Amphotericin B penetrates the cell wall and inserts itself into the cell membrane. Once Amphotericin B enters the cell membrane it serves as an aggregate binding close to ergo sterol. This binding of ergo sterol and amphotericin B creates pores in the intracellular membrane causing the loss of potassium and ultimately the organism will die. This drug has not been proven effective in treating PAM, yet all known cases surviving this infection have been treated with Amphotericin B. Work is currently being done to determine what specific to Naegleria Fowleri makes it pathogenic and if these virulence factors can be specifically targeted by drugs. In 2014 the U.S. Food and Drug administration approved a drug called Miltefosine in treatment of Naegleria Fowleri. Miltefosine was originally intended as an anti-cancer treatment. Studies are still unclear as to whether or not Miltefosine will be effective in fighting the organism because this drug is still so new on the market. Test methods for detecting this organism are fairly limited because there are only a hand full of laboratories
Fungal infections are often uncomfortable conditions and they can have both physical and psychological consequences to the individual. Onychomycosis (OM) is one of the fungal diseases that results from a dermatophytic invasion of the nails. Fortunately, in the last few years, new oral treatment has successfully lowered the incidence of recurrence and side effects (Tosti & Piraccini, 1996).
Once identified, it is best to visit a doctor and get a recommendation on what kind of treatment is needed. Usually a topical cream is prescribed to someone suffering from tinea. Other sorts of topical gels, solutions, powders or sprays may also be prescribed depending on the type of tinea contracted. For Tinea corporis, a cool compress is a good relief for the sores, as well as using creams or solutions such as miconazole, ketoconazole and butenafine (Brown & Edwards, 2015). If athlete’s foot is itchy and inflamed, a combination of anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory creams works best. The creams should be applied twice a day, usually in the morning and at night, but for no longer than a 7 day period. Followed by an anti-fungal cream only for a 14 day period. There are also two other types of creams that are not specific to the fungal infection. These creams are Clotrimazole and Bifonazole creams. Tinea in the nails can be very difficult to treat and may require the person to stay on medication for months. The ability to make sure the condition is not getting worse or spreading is important so that the condition and the health of the child is
pedis which is caused by fungal infections. In general, fungi grows in warm, moist areas the best. As athletes sweat excessively, the epidermis becomes softer and moist causing fungi to grow when the feet are not exposed to open air. In our everyday lives, trichophyton which is a dermatophyte is found on our floors and in clothing. Trichophyton falls under the fungi kingdom, phylum: ascomycota, class: euascomycetes, order: onygenales, and family: arthrodermactaceae.
Antibacterial products range from anything like hand soaps and lotions to sanitizers and household cleaners. It is important to look at the etymology of the word antibacterial. As a prefix, anti means against, so the word literally means “against bacteria”, or “against germs” as marketers of such products want consumers to believe. The truth in this descriptive word will be reviewed later. The ingredients used in these products fall into two categories, non-residue producing ...
Drugs manufactured in the laboratory are expensive chemicals or synthetic and apart from all these there may be many side effects the body has to deal with. All this realization has made people to turn to natural and cost-effective home remedies for yeast allergy.
In a 2012 study of treatment for fungal ear infections, all of the patients were treated with clotrimazole (Viswanatha, Sumatha, & Siddappa, 2012). However, four patients did not respond to this treatment and fluconazole solution was found successful in these patients (Viswanatha, Sumatha, & Siddappa, 2012). Fluconazole otic solution 2 drops daily x 3 days then every other day x 3 weeks (Viswanatha, Sumatha, & Siddappa, 2012). It is important to avoid ear plugs or cotton balls to allow ears to be open to air and drain properly (Aspergillus, 2015). It is important to keep the ear canal as dry as possible (Aspergillus, 2015). For preventative measures, 4% boric acid solution in alcohol can be used as a cleaning agent (Aspergillus, 2015). Ear wash bilateral ears was performed in office to open the ear canal that was blocked by cerumen. Recommended treatment is suction for evacuation of matter in ear, but no equipment for that in this office available (Aspergillus, 2015). Also, Otitis media should be treated. The watchful waiting period for otitis media is two to three days (Thomas, Berner, Zahnert, & Dazert, 2014). This patient has been struggling with ear pain and odorous drainage now for longer than the watchful waiting period (Thomas et al., 2014). Therefore, a PCN is recommended like amoxicillin (Thomas et al., 2014). He reports that last time the amoxicillin alone did not eradicate the infection the
Mucormycosis, most commonly caused by Rhizopus species (6, 15, 60), is a life-threatening emerging fungal infection that occurs in patients with increased available serum iron (e.g. from diabetic ketoacidosis [DKA]), in patients immunocompromised by neutropenia or medications (15), or in trauma patients (61)(62). The infection is generally acquired by inhalation of spores that are ubiquitous in nature and cause either rhino-orbital (almost exclusively in DKA patients) or lung (mainly in neutropenic leukemic patients) disease (6, 15, 60). The infection is remarkably angiotropic, and rapidly disseminates hematogenously to infect other organs (6, 15, 60). Initiation of infection entails interaction of spores with nasal or lung epithelial cells. Further, damage to and penetration of the endothelial cell lining of the blood vessels is an important factor in hematogenous dissemination. Because even aggressive surgical and antifungal treatments are often ineffective, mucormycosis kills 40% to 100% of those afflicted (7, 63). The obvious unmet need for new, effective treatments and preventive strategies has been the driving force of our laboratory.
The powders help keep your feet dry. The sprays and powders can also kill fungus in your shoes and on your skin. Cream can be applied directly on the affected toenail, although it may not be able to penetrate the nail to do very much good. Still, it may contribute some effort in the battle against a stubborn fungal infection.
...ities of the synthesized compounds have been compared with standard drugs. The antibacterial testing showed that few compounds have promising activity at 100g/ml on both the pathogenic strain.
There are many diseases in humans caused by fungi, examples are jock itch/roundworm, ringworm, Aspergillus infection, and Fungal Meningitis. Fungal infections of the skin were the 4th most common sickness of the skin in 2010 affecting 984 million
Candidiasis is a common fungal infection in immunocompromised individuals caused by Candida albicans- a normal oral flora in the genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract and on the skin. It form bio films on any surface and cause both mucosal and systemic infections in immunocompromised hosts disseminated as: oral thrush, vulvovaginitis, endocarditis among others [15]. Although Candida albicans still remains the major cause of nosocomial infections, other non albicans candida species such as: Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis are increasingly becoming common. Accordin...
Malassezia globosa, a fungus that is thought to be the cause of human dandruff, uses lipase to break down sebum into oleic acid and increase skin cell production, causing
Although there are a lot of advances in finding the best antifungal as human therapy, AmB is still founded to be the antifungal agent that is the most effective. Although it comes with various toxicity effects and administration problems, AmB is still chosen for most systemic mycosis, especially when the infection occur in the immunocompromised patients (Medoff et al, 1983).
Fungi are one of the most important groups of organisms on the planet. This is easy to overlook, given their largely hidden, unseen actions and growth. They are important in an enormous variety of ways.