1. Raney, A. A., & Depalma, A. J. (2006). The Effect of Viewing Varying Levels and Contexts of Violent Sports Programming on Enjoyment, Mood, and Perceived Violence. Mass Communication & Society, 9(3), 321–338. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0903_4
The first two article were probably the most useful in my current study. They both were about media’s influence in aggression in sports. It’s turned to be a difficult task finding articles that included media influence on sports. Both articles also gave me lots of leads to other research on the subject. Consequence, both studies were conducted by Raney.
Summary:
This study was about the influence of sports violence on the viewer’s enjoyment, mood, and perception of violence. Participants view videotaped sports events that included “unscripted” violence play, “scripted” violent play and no violence play. Participants complete a questionnaire measuring reactions to the video and mood level following the clips. Scripted play is closely related to media commentary that this is the subject of this study.
Findings:
*Investigators concluded that participants found much more enjoyment from violent sports in the study.
*Viewers found the scripted play to be more violent than the “unscripted” play.
2. Raney, A. A., & Kinnally, W. (2009). Examining Perceived Violence in and Enjoyment of Televised Rivalry Sports Contests. Mass Communication & Society, 12(3), 311–331. doi:10.1080/15205430802468744
This study also gave me lots of leads to other research. This study also included media’s influence on spectator’s enjoyments of games, thus I was able to connect to enjoyment of aggressive.
Summary:
In this study researchers investigated perceived violent and enjoyment by spectators. Participan...
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...ng to the study, other factors that contributed to the fan’s participation in aggressive behavior were the young, unemployed, and poorly educated.
11. White, G. F. (1989). Media and Violence: The Case of Professional Football Championship Games. Aggressive Behavior, 15(6), 423–433.
This study showcased the violence by spectators after a sporting event, however it was not as helpful as I thought it would be for my study. I was hopeful because it did include media as a factor in the study. However, I felt that it did not include a great deal of findings that helped my current study.
Summary:
White investigated the effect of the National Football League playoff games on the incidence of homicide in cities in which the games were of the highest interest
Findings:
White found that those cities with losing teams held a significantly higher homicide rate.
Kaplan, R.M. & Singer, R.D. (1976). TV violence and viewer aggression: A reexamination of the evidence. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 33-70.
Adachi, P.J.C. & Willoughby, T. (2011). The Effect of Video Game Competition and Violence on Aggressive Behavior: Which Characteristic Has the greatest influence? Psychology of Violence 1(4), 259-274.
Young, K. (2007). From Violence in Sport to Sports-Related Violence: Widening the Focus. Sport in Society: A Student Introduction, Second Edition. London. Sage Publications.
Coakley, J. J., & Donnelly, P. (2007). Violence in Sports . Sports in society: issues & controversies (9th ed., pp. 198-199). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
McMurtry, a former football paper, utilizes comparison, hyperbole, and juxtaposition to effectively develop the idea that American society accepts violence and brutality within sports, which reveals the sadistic side of the world. To repair this attitude, however, all of the violent aspects of sports cannot simply be removed. For example, if the tackling part of football was eradicated, the sport would change completely and, consequently, lose much of what gives the sport its redeeming qualities and entertainment for the audience. Tackling does not make the sport violent; it is the violent characteristics of the players and the coaches combined with the constant encouragement stemming from the audience. Violence is a terrible thing, and it will never be completely removed unless each person works together to suppress their behaviors.
Zillman, D. & Weaver, J. Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Gratuitous Media Violence on Provoked and Unprovoked Hostile Behavior.
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological science, 12(5), 353-359.
Javier, Rafael Art., William G. Herron, and Louis Primavera. “Violence and the Media: A Psychological
Aggression, whether it be direct or indirect, through words or physical violence, seeks to hurt. There are many sources of aggression and a variety of speculated causes, one being the desensitization of violence through watching violent video games. Violent video games and imagery have been highly debated and researched for years because of the seemingly clear connections between a desensitization of violent imagery to high exposure of violent video games. In the text, Social Psychology by Baron and Branscombe, the presumption that watching violent video games results in an increased desensitization to violent imagery is taken and explained in Chapter 10, Aggression: Its Nature, Causes and Control. Through different studies and the research
While many different case studies have been done all over the world, scientists have yet to prove that there is a direct correlation between violent video games and child aggression. Since the start of this quarter, this has been an issue that I have been doing extensive research on. Despite looking into several scholarly sources, I was surprised to see that many of my findings were pretty consistent with one another. For the mort part, what I found through my research was a bunch of statistics from case studies and the interpretation of those statistics from renowned scientists. In many cases, statistics and studies showed slight indications that violent video games have an effect on c...
obsessed by those sports and by taking a sport away from them, could ruin their
Sport and aggressive behavior, Do sports create aggressive behavior, or simply attract people who are already aggressive? Aggression and sport have gone together as long as sports have been around, be it the players themselves, to the parents, coaches, or spectators, they just seem to be an inseparable part of each other. The term violence is defined as physical assault based on total disregard for the well being of self and others, or the intent to injure another person (2. Coakley). Intimidation usually does not cause physical harm, but often is designed to produce psychological consequences, enabling one person to physically over power or dominate another. These statements as defined by the author, Jay J. Coakley, is what people today have made a must part on sport. Pleasure and participation sports absolutely cannot be grouped with power and performance sports when in relation to aggression. Pleasure sports are simply played for pleasure. Score is usually not kept. The athletes participating are usually on occasion doing it for fun and exercise. A majority of athletes who have been playing sports since they were little, have probably been pounded into their heads that to be successful in sport, you need to be aggressive, and at some times, unnecessary. Also that to get what you want, you have to go at it with all force. Not that this is wrong but, this attitude in today's society has been a major problem factor to the athletes when they get older, to get into trouble with the law. Those long-term effects of so-called discipline, patterns develop these destructive behaviors. (9. Montague) Although some people are still in belief that aggressive behaviors in all forms are grounded into instincts, but they also relate these actions to sports. Their parents played, who were known for their aggressive behavior, so the child feels that they have to live up to that expectation.( 6. Storr) Athletes do have to be aggressive to a point, so that the team can form a strategy to win. There is also a limit to aggression when it turns into violence. People might say that it's not aggression or violence, its just adrenaline pumping. Adrenaline isn't even similar to violence. Aggression, maybe, but nothing that would be harmful to anyone else. This might be a factor to why contact sports are so popular. For example, football, hockey, rugb...
With the increase in society taking a stance against violence, sports has become an area where some feel that the violent acts such as the hitting and fighting that occurs should be eliminated. It is very difficult to change the way that a game is played because people have been playing it that way for years. The violence in sports needs to be eliminated because of the extreme cases that continue to haunt many of the leagues and the players themselves.
Violence is defined as the use of excessive physical force, which causes or has obvious potential to cause harm or destruction to an individual. Violence in sports comes in many forms, and divides into social and cultural factors related to the sport ethic, gender ideology, the dynamics of social class and race, and the tactics used in sports. Violence in sports has gone too far because sports violence has become so severe in sports, that players are injured each years. However, in sports some violence has become entertaining for the fans and fans would begin their own violence around with other fans that support opposing teams to win. The violence in sports can cause severe casualties from collisions to concussions that may result in long-term mental or physical damage.
No single factor can cause children or adults to act aggressively. Instead, it is the accumulation of risk factors that leads to an aggressive act. Hundreds of studies look into the issue of violent media, it always seems to end up the same place with three major effects including increasing aggressive behavior in a variety of forms, desensitization, and spurs fear. Not every viewer will be affected noticeably, but we know that every viewer is affected in some way. Some have argued that violent media are the primary cause of mass shooting. Others have argued that there is no solid evidence of any harmful effects of violent media. But it is clear is that exposure to media violence is one of risk factors increased aggressive behavior, desensitization, and fear.