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enzymes and their importance
effect of substrate concentration on enzyme action
importance of enzymes in our life
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The practical was carried out to investigate the effect of pH on the reaction of the enzyme acid phosphatase. Of the many functions of proteins, catalysis is by far the most vital. When catalysis is not present, most reactions in the biological systems take place very slowly to produce at an adequate pace for metabolising organism. The catalysts that take this role are called enzymes. Enzymes are the most efficient catalysts; they can enhance rate of reaction by up to 1020 over uncatalysed reactions. (Campbell et al, 2012). Enzyme catalysis is dependant upon factors such as concentration of enzyme and substrate, temperature and pH. These factors determine the rate of reaction, and an increase in temperature or pH above the optimum will lead to the denaturation of the enzyme and a decrease in the rate of reaction. There are many phosphatase enzymes but they are classified as those with alkaline and acid pH optimum. Both catalyse general reaction: ROPO3H2+ H2O –ROH + HPO42-+2H+. Each enzymes works with a small range of pH, there is a pH at which its activity is greatest called optimal pH. This is due to the changes in pH can make a break intra and intermolecular bonds, distorting the shape of the enzyme, and its effectiveness. Generally, enzymes have an optimum pH this doesn’t go to say that the optimum is the same for each enzyme. For example the optimum pH for enzyme pepsin found acidic lumen in the stomach is lower than that of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase that works in the cytosol at neural pH. Predominantly, enzymes show specificity for phosphatase monoesters but are relatively non-specific to (RO-). This can be used to construct an assay that uses non-physiological substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and one that has a p... ... middle of paper ... ...testing) would enable a clear distinction in determining the variation in the data. However, the mean can show a simple interpretation of a distorted view of distribution on occasions (outliers). Standard Deviation gives the right picture, smaller the standard deviation higher the central tendency and data is concentrated around the mean. Higher value of standard deviation indicates better distribution of data. Thus, a specific read on the optimum pH can be identified. Word count = 1599 References Campbell, M.K., Shawn, S.O. (2012). Biochemistry, 7th Edition. The Behaviour of Proteins: Enzymes. Pg 139-159. Van Etten, R.L. and Waymack, P.P. (1991). Substrate specificity and pH dependence of homogeneous wheat germ acid phosphatase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 288, 634. Walsh, C. (1979) Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
Finally, the last part of the experiment examined the enzyme activity at different pH levels. Four sets of 11 tubes were set up in this part. The procedure for this part is the same as before, but 4 other buffers were substituted for the standard pH 7.3 phosphate buffer. Set A used the 5.5 pH buffer while set B used the 6.5 pH buffer. The buffer of pH 8.5 was used for set B and for set D the pH was 9. The absorbance readings for 4 sets were taken and recorded in table 13. Using the linear equation that the best-fit line gave for each set, the Km and the Vmax of each set were determined. Then, table 15 was made by dividing the Vmax by the Km. of the four pHs. The Vmax and Km of the control set were also used to make
The effect of a change in PH on enzymes is the alteration in the ionic
PH can affect the way fermentation occurs due to the chemical differences between acid and alkaline elements, particularly within a solution. In this experiment an enzyme-based reaction was examined that in order to observe this pH trend. The aim of the experiment was to determine how pH affects the yeast fermentation rate by performing the experiment numerous times with a different pH (pH's 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) in different glucose solutions. The hypothesis was ‘If the pH is lower than the neutral point, then the fermentation reaction will occur faster?.’ The experiment conducted was to measure the amount of carbon dioxide (C02) produced by the yeast during fermentation whilst modifying the pH of the glucose solution. To test this every 5 minutes
My results did not completely support my hypothesis, while I was correct about pH, temperature, enzyme concentration and inhibitors I was incorrect about substrate concentration. I originally believed that increasing substrate concentration
Abstract: Enzymes are catalysts therefore we can state that they work to start a reaction or speed it up. The chemical transformed due to the enzyme (catalase) is known as the substrate. In this lab the chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. The substrate in this lab would be hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used will be catalase which is found in both potatoes and liver. This substrate will fill the active sites on the enzyme and the reaction will vary based on the concentration of both and the different factors in the experiment. Students placed either liver or potatoes in test tubes with the substrate and observed them at different temperatures as well as with different concentrations of the substrate. Upon reviewing observations, it can be concluded that liver contains the greater amount of catalase as its rates of reaction were greater than that of the potato.
Alkaline Phosphatase (APase) is an important enzyme in pre-diagnostic treatments making it an intensely studied enzyme. In order to fully understand the biochemical properties of enzymes, a kinetic explanation is essential. The kinetic assessment allows for a mechanism on how the enzyme functions. The experiment performed outlines the kinetic assessment for the purification of APase, which was purified in latter experiments through the lysis of E.coli’s bacterial cell wall. This kinetic experiment exploits the catalytic process of APase; APase catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction to produce an inorganic phosphate and alcohol via an intermediate complex.1 Using the Michaelis-Menton model for kinetic characteristics, the kinetic values of APase were found by evaluating the enzymatic rate using a paranitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) substrate. This model uses an equation to describe enzymatic rates, by relating the
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is an enzyme that can be commonly found in a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to all tissues of human body. It is concentrated in the periplasmic space, which gave rise to the name of periplasmic enzyme. The primary function of AP involves catalyzing nonspecific hydrolysis of phosphomonoester to yield alcohol and phosphate molecules (1). As denoted by its name, AP possesses optimum catalytic activities in alkaline conditions. Escherichia coli (E. coli) functions optimally in pH 8, but it may vary among different organisms. AP indirectly regulates the growth of E. coli. When a vital source of nutrient, phosphorus, is limited in the environment, E. coli as well as other bacteria are able to stimulate AP to produce
Enzymes are types of proteins that work as a substance to help speed up a chemical reaction (Madar & Windelspecht, 104). There are three factors that help enzyme activity increase in speed. The three factors that speed up the activity of enzymes are concentration, an increase in temperature, and a preferred pH environment. Whether or not the reaction continues to move forward is not up to the enzyme, instead the reaction is dependent on a reaction’s free energy. These enzymatic reactions have reactants referred to as substrates. Enzymes do much more than create substrates; enzymes actually work with the substrate in a reaction (Madar &Windelspecht, 106). For reactions in a cell it is important that a specific enzyme is present during the process. For example, lactase must be able to collaborate with lactose in order to break it down (Madar & Windelspecht, 105).
Enzymes as mentioned before help speed up reactions, they generally work by bonding to a substrate, this bonding occurs at the active site. This link then forms a different molecule which will benefit its respective process. Every enzyme has its own optimum pH level to work under, if too low the enzyme will be very slow. However if too high the enzyme will then denature and be obsolete. This is why it is important to know the optimum pH level for whatev...
Enzymes have been used in research, mainly because of their ability to facilitate reactions without being changed themselves as well as their ability to speed up these reactions, which would otherwise take a much longer period of time to complete. And it is these two features that compel me to conduct further research into the applications of enzymes.
In this lab, it was determined how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is affected by physical factors such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and substrate concentration affect. The question of what factors influence enzyme activity can be answered by the results of peroxidase activity and its relation to temperature and whether or not hydroxylamine causes a reaction change with enzyme activity. An enzyme is a protein produced by a living organism that serves as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and does so by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. With that energy reactants are brought together so that products can be formed.
The control for both curves was the beaker with 0% concentration of substrate, which produced no enzyme activity, as there were no substrate molecules for...
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects that varying temperatures, enzyme concentration, and pH had on catalase activity.
Enzymes are protein molecules that are made by organisms to catalyze reactions. Typically, enzymes speeds up the rate of the reaction within cells. Enzymes are primarily important to living organisms because it helps with metabolism and the digestive system. For example, enzymes can break larger molecules into smaller molecules to help the body absorb the smaller pieces faster. In addition, some enzyme molecules bind molecules together. However, the initial purpose of the enzyme is to speed up reactions for a certain reason because they are “highly selective catalysts” (Castro J. 2014). In other words, an enzyme is a catalyst, which is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without undergoing changes. Moreover, enzymes work with
Purpose: This lab gives the idea about the enzyme. We will do two different experiments. Enzyme is a protein that made of strings of amino acids and it is helping to produce chemical reactions in the quickest way. In the first experiment, we are testing water, sucrose solution, salt solution, and hydrogen peroxide to see which can increase the bubbles. So we can understand that enzyme producing chemical reactions in the speed. In the second experiment, we are using temperature of room, boiling water, refrigerator, and freezer to see what will effect the enzyme.